ST- MICHAEL
COLLEGE

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THE SAINTS IN ART

THE

SAINTS IN ART

A TRANSLATION

BY

FRO 31 THE GER3IAN

BY

JOS. M. VON RADOWITZ

EDITED BY A. E. B.

P^S?;.

ROME
VICTORIA PRINTING PRESS

VIA AI VILLINI — VIA NOAIENTANA
. 1898.

WAR ■" ^ '^43'

EDITOR'S PREFACE

The work of which this is a translation is called " Ico-
nographie der Heiligen'' by a well-known Prussian
general and statesman, Herr von Radowitz. He was an
intimate friend of Frederick William IV. of Prussia, and
held positions of importance both military and political.
He was born in 1797, and died in 1853.

I am indebted to His Excellency the German Ambas-
sador at Madrid, for his kind permission to publish this
work of his Father's in English, and also for allowing
me to make such corrections and additions as seemed
desirable on comparing it with later works.

The Alphabetical List of Attributes — a section so
valuable in the picture gallery — has been amplified,
as well as the section on " The more extended symbo-
lism of Christian Art," and the Appendices have been
added. Beyond this my share in the task has been chiefly
that of transcription and correction. The translation was
made by my husband. Owing to the death of one to
whom it had been sent for revision, the MS. was lost
for some years, and came unexpectedly into my hands
some time after my husband's death.

To his memory my share in the work is. dedicated.

AsNES E. Benson.
Wiesbaden, 1898.

so?o

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

.|.'l>

Amongst the subjects which recur most frequently in
the works of Christian art, we lind that the representa-
tions of saints, prophets, martyrs and other characters
of the Old and New Covenants occupy the most impor-
tant place.

Compositions exhibiting the events of their lives, their
works, the commemoration of sufTerings undergone for
Christ's sake, occupied almost exclusively the pencil of
artist, and the chisel of sculptor, until far into the middle
ages. Only subsequently, when the course of Art had
been led into other than its original channels, did painters
in southern lands choose subjects from the history and
mythology of the Greeks and Romans, while those in the
north sought them in the scenes of every day life.

To attain to a more intimate acquaintance with the
works bequeathed to us by the most brilhant epoch of Art,
it is of importance to be able to distinguish the personages
represented; and an examination of the attributes by
which they may be recognised, may be regarded as a not
unimportant contribution to the History of Christian Art.

Effort has been made to render the present work as
complete as possible, yet to register all the names ca-
talogued in more voluminous Martyrologies is not con-
templated. On the contrary, in the alphabetic division,
only those martyrs and confessors are noticed who are
represented in paintings, sculptures, and coins, or whose
biography offers points of special interest.

VIII

The aim has been to give as far as possible the cos-
tume in which the saint is ordinarily depicted, the
emblem by which he is characterised, and what reason
can be shown for the adoption of the latter. By far
the greater number of these conventional symbols, are
the instruments by which these soldiers of Christ suffered
martyrdom ; some refer to wond^^rs worked, others — the
lesser number — are purely arbitrary and symbolical, and
refer either to incidents in the life of ihe saint, or to some
supposed peculiarity.

As to costume, we have in most cases simply noted that
the saint in question is usually represented as a Pope,
Bishop, Father, Hermit and the like, as it is taken for
granted that such vestments are sufficiently well known.

As to the habit of the several monastic orders to
which frequent reference is made, Helyot's or any other
of the well known works of the kind, will afford the
required information. (')

Further it seemed desirable to add the instances in
which a saint is regarded as Patron of a country, a
town or a trade, or in which his protection may be
invoked against sickness, accident or mishap.

This knowledge is not only demanded in the course
of enquiry into the details of many works of art, but
is also useful in historical and ethnographical researches.

For convenient reference rtie Index of Patron Saints
is placed at the end of the work, arranged according to
the alphabetical sequence of the objects with which they
are specially connected, and here are also named those
saints of whose pictorial representation nothing could be
discovered, and whose names have therefore found no
place in the alphabetical list of saints. For the informa-

(•) See Apppendix B. Ed.

IX

tion contained in the present compilation, collections of
piciures and .sculptures may be regarded as the primary
sources, wherein we have diligently sought and com-
pared what we have elsewhere collated.

Among the works which have been consulted are:
Images des Saints et Saintes issus de la famille de

VEmpereur Maximilian I. d'apres les dessins de Hans

Burgmaier. Original Edition 1517-19. Later Edition

Vienna 1799.
Raderus Bavaria pia sancia. Ingolst. 1581.
Icones sarictorum et martyr. Christi. Frankfort, 1558, and

a newer edition by Paquot. Louvain, 1771.
Ecelesiae milit: triumplii. Rome, 1585.
Triumphus martyrum Marl, de Vos del.
Sanctorum GalUce, Belg., Germanice imagines.
Gaiter le Sacre Zodiaque.

Calendar ium perpetuum e Gregor colledum. 1615,
Callot les images de tons les Saints et Saintes de I'ann^e.

Paris 1636.
Lugken Beschryvinge von het H. Doopsel der Martelarem.
Leclerc l invocation des Saints. Paris. 1686.
Chauveau Eloges Sacres ou la vie des Saints.
Poilly figures des Saints et Saintes. 1770.
Abbildung und kurzgefasste Beschreibung verkldrter Die-

ner and Freunde Gottes. Prague 1821.

A fertile field is found in the numberless copperplate
engravings, and small sacred pictures (Heiligenbilder)
which are manufactured by thousands in Germanj^France,
and southern lands for the use of the people. However
shght may be the art value of these pictures, the older
ones among them are at least free from the mawkish
sentimentahty of treatment, w^iich belongs to the period
of decadence of Christian Art, and they express faithfully

X

the traditional character of the subject. As much cannot
be said for the pictures of similar kind of the past and
present centuries, in whicli another spirit is manifest, and
in which, instead of adhering strictly and simply to the
subject, an attempt is made to attain to a superficial
expression of mere external beauty. As there is there-
fore no question of historical correctness in the repre-
sentations of the characters, the popular pictures of later
times are, in their meaningless generahties, with few
exceptions, quite useless for a work like the present.

For descriptions of incidents in the lives of the saints to
which reference is made, we have consulted the follow-
ing works:
The Passionale; various editions, especially that of A.

Koberger, Nuremberg. 1488.
The Legenda Lomhardica ; Ed. of 1478 & 1501.
The Roman Martyrologium ; Ed. of Baronius. Ant-
werp 1589.
Martyrologium Usuardi Monachi: stud, et op. SoUerii

S. J. Venetis 1744.
Vitae Pairum; Ed. by J. Zainer. Ulm. 1479.
Sanctuarium.; by Boninus Mombritius. Venet. 1474.
Catalogus Sanctorum; by Petrus de Natalibus.Vicenza, 1493.
For the History of the saints of the Greek Church:
Menologium Grcecorum jussu Basilii Imper. studio et opera
Annib. Card. Albani, Urbini, 1727.
Of later compilations :
Vicelius Hagiologium; Mainz. 1544.
.\loy Lipoman Vitae Sanctorum; Rome 1551-60.
Rabus Historien der Martyr er ; Strasburg, 1551.
Molanus de picturis et imaginibus Sacris ; Lovenii 1570.
Mart Crusius in Corona anni T. II.
Surius Vitoe Sanctorum; Col. 1617.

XI

Grasius Vitoe Sanctorum; Colon. 1616.

Zeillepus Hisiorischer Anzeujer vieler HeiUgen; Ulm. 1658.

\iUxi pairum; translated b}^ Rottler. Dill. 1691.

Ribadeneira Flos Sanctorum ; Madrid, 1616.

Rosweydus Vltce patrum; Antwerp 1628.

SoUiudo Vivorum; Augsburg. 1609.

Icones Sanctorum per Cleopham Distelmayr. August. Vindel.

Kochem Legenden der HeiUgen; Frankfurt, 1714.

Les Vies des SS. Pires des deserts; Antwerp, 1714. 4 vols.

Boillet La vie des Saints; Paris. 1701.

Mors et vita; Mainz, 1723.

Collin Schauplatz der heil: Martyr er ; Frankfurt 1729.

Columna m,iliiantis ecclesiae ; Norimb. 1768.

Villegas Ilperfetto Legendario : ilal : translation by Bagno.

Venice 1741.
Assemanni Kalendarium eccl: universce ; T. V. k VI.
Butler Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs ; Dublin 1779.
Ras and Weiss Leben der HeiUgen.
Leben und Thaten der HeiUgen Gottes ; Augsburg. 1831.
Leben und Thaten der HeiUgen; Luzern 1825.
Rousseau Purpurviolen der HeiUgen; Frankfurt 1835.
AusfiXhrUehes HeiUgen-Lexicon ; Coin 1719.
Trombelli de CuUu Sanctorum: Bononice ; 1743. 8 vols.

The different religious orders have for their own
histories and saints a literature of their own. Thus, for
the Benedictines:

Vepes Chr. Gen. ord. S. Benedicti Colon. 1648.
Mahillon Annates ord, S. Benedicti. 1724.
Stengelius Imagin. Sanetor. ord. S. Bened. Augsburg. 1625.
Rombeck HeiUges Benedictiner-Jahr. 1710.
Kirchen kalender aller HeiUgen des Benedictiner-Ordens;

Donauwerth. 1786.
Calendar ium annate Benedict, de Umbach.

XII

Wion Baum des Lebens ; Augsburg 1607.

For the Augustines :
Curtius vir. lUust, ex. ord. D. Aug. Antwerp 1636.
Maigretin Martyr ographi a Augustiana; Munich 1628.

For the Premonstratensians :
Syllog. vir or ex. ord. Prcemonst. Augsburg, 1771,

For the Franciscans:
Sedulius Imagin. Sanetor. Franeisci. Antwerp. l602
Hueber Menolog. Sand, qiios Franc, in umbr. lue. dat;

Munich 1698.
Gonzaga de orig. Ser. rel. Franc. Romee 1587.
Stiller Annus Franciscanus ; Prague, 1680.

For the Cistercians :
Henriquez Menol. Cister. Antwerp 1630.

For the Camaldolesi:
Mittarelli Ann. Camald. ord. Venet 1785.

For the Servi:
Romer hist. ord. Serv. B. Mar ice Virg ; Viennse 1667.

For the Jesuits:
Menolog. Soc. Jesu; Coin. 1708..
Galeotti Imagines prcep. Gen. Soc. Jesu; Romse 1758.
Imago primi seculi Soc. Jesu.

For the Dominicans;
S. Marie Vie des bienheureux de I'ordre de S. Domi-
nique. Paris 1636.

For the Jeronymites :
Sajonelli Hist. ord. S. Hieronymi:, Patav.1758.

The richest branch of this class of Literature is that
relating to the Hermit saints.

Blomaert Eremyten ende Eremytinnenvan jEgypien; An-
twerp. 1619; also under the title Silva anachoretica.
Arnauld d'Andilly Saints Peres des deserts; Anvers 1714.

XIII

Boiirgoin de Villefors Vie cles Saints Peres cVOrient-^

Paris 170(1
Solitudo sive viice foemin. Anachoreiic. 1666.

A special literature attaches to the lives and histories
of the saints of particular countries. Under this head
we may mention the following writers:

For France;
And. Santoagnus; Raynardus; and with special reference
to Brittany Alb. de Morlaix.
For Belgium :
Aubertus Myraeus; Ant. Sanderus; Henr. Andrinai; And.
Bogus; Job. Molanus.

For Germany:
Becking; Petrus Cratepolius; Chr: Broverus.

For England:
Tob. Wilson; Challmes; Porter &c.

For Scotland:
Camerarius; Ad. Regius.

For Ireland:
Henrique Fitz Simon.

For Spain:
Marietta; and for Catalonia in particular Ant. Uncentius.

For Portugal:
The Marttfrologium Coninhrieum.

For Italy:

Bernardus Calaguritanus ; Ch. Ferrarius. and in parti-
cular, for Sicily Oct. Caetanus; for Naples Paulus
Regius, and for Tuscany Silv. Razzius.
For the purpose of verifying special circumstances we

have also made use of the Bollandists.

XIV

Most of the above named works are illustrated, which
enhances their value.

In determining the Patron Saints of countries, and
towns, we have also found coins of much service, espe-
cially for German}- and Italy, and on these the numismatic
works 01 Kohler, Madai, Appel, Zepernick, Zanetti, &c,
give satisfactory information.

For Spain and Portugal we have consulted:
Florez Espanoa sagrada ;
Salaza Anamnesis sive Commeraoratio Sand Hispanioe ;

Lugduni 1651.
Macedo de Diis tutel. orb. Christ. Liss. 1687.
Ibanez Diss. eccl. por el honor de las antig. tutelar es ;

Zaragoza. 1671.

France presented the greatest difficulties, for we were
unable even in the Gallia Christiana — the most com-
prehensive work upon the history of the various Church-
es — to obtain the required information. Antiquated
geographical works have afforded only scanty and
accidental aid.

As to the Patrons of trades and professions, and those
saints whose protection may be invoked against sickness,
accident, or misfortune (Protectors), our information has
been generally taken from their biographies and from
the traditions of special Dioceses. Controversial writings
are also very useful in connection with this subject
amongst which we may mention:
Melancthon in Apol. Aug. Conf. Art. IX de invocatione

Sanctorum.
Ph. de Mar nix de S. Aldegonde tableau des differ ents de

Religion. T. II Part. Ill Ch. VII.
Gisb. Voetii Select. Disput. Theol. Pars IIL Ultraj. 1659

No 428-430.

XV

Gerhardi Loci Theol Locus XXVII Cap ViII Sect. IX.
Chemnitii Examen Concil. Trident. III^ 234-235.

Berlin. July 1834.

-t<::3t-<a>-?c:>*-

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

Since the publication of this first attempt to obtain a
comprehensive survey of the traditional representation
of the Saints in Art, increased material has come into
ihe hands of the Author; hence the present edition has
been enlarged to almost double its original size.

The often expressed wish that this branch of Art
Literature might be rendered more complete, has been
met by giving in the foregoing introduction, a list of
books requisite for a closer study of the subject; the
titles of some books are given even when the author
has not been able to refer to them himself.

The work has further been rendered more available
for reference by the addition of an alphabetical list of
attributes, for the question — what accessories accompany
certain saints? — occurs just as frequently as — with what
attributes a saint ought to be represented?

A second addition has been made by apper^ding the
list of attributes by which the great characters of the
Old Testament are usually known in Art.

In conclusion, some notes have been added concerning
the more extended symbolism of Christian Art. The
field is extensive, as yet almost unexplored, and needs
earnest investigation; Gu^nebault, Didron, and other scho-
lars have led the way with valuable work5>; more

XVI

comprehensive conclusions may be anticipated when
the great and able work is concluded on which Piper
is engaged, f)

The first attempt made by the compiler of this work
(which now appears in enlarged form) to supply an
easily accessible, and comprehensive Handbook of Chris-
tian iconography, has called forth several works of
like nature in Germany, France, and England. Those
with which we are acquainted, each of which possesses
its own particular merit, are :
Helmsdorfer ChristUehe Kunsisymholik und leonographie:

Frankfurt a M. 1839.
Die Attributen der Heiligen; Hannover, 1843.
Alt; Die Heiligen bilder; Berlin, 1845.
Otte; Abriss einer Kirehlichen Kunsi-Archdologie; Nord-

hausen, 1845.
Jameson; Sacred and Legendary Art; London, 1848.
Crosnier; leonographie Chretienne ; Paris, 1847.
Husenbeth; Emblems of Saints; London 1850.
Guenebault; Dietionaire iconographique. Paris, 1850.

Erfurt, Mag 1852.

J. VON Radowitz.

Later works are:
Christian Symbols and Emblems. L. Twining. John Mur-
ray, 1852. New Ed. 1885.
Christian Symbols and Stories of the Saints. Clara Ers-
kine Clement. Boston & New York. 1891.

Ed. Note.

(*) Unfortunately Piper did not live to complete the portion of
his works on '■ Christliche Kunst Symbolik." Ed.

TABLE OF CONT-ENTS

Section

I. Saints and their Attributes Page 1

II. Patriarchs & Prophets of the Old Testament

and other Personages of the Scriptures. . » 81

III. Alphabetical list of Attributes » 85

IV. E>fBLE.Nts OF Angels » 157

V. Patron saintIs of various ages, ranks, arts,

TRADES, AND PROFESSIONS » 159

VI. Patron saints of Animals, Plants. & Poods. . » 163

VII. Patron saints of the Elements « 104

VIII. Protectors against disease " 165

IX. Protectors against accident; & the xi • "Hel-

PERS-IN-NEED " " 168

X. Patrons to be invoked for special desires . « 170

XI. Patrons of Penitent sinners » 171

XII. Patron saints of Countries and Towns ... " 172

XIII. The more extended symbolism of Christian art. « 198

Appendix A. Dress of the Clergy " 205

» B. Dress of the Monastic Orders .... " 208

• C. Regular Clerks " 21o

I.

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES

Abbreviations. *M' signifies martyrdom by means of the attribute
named immediately before. 'P' stands for Patron Saint. 'G' lliat
the saint is specially honoured in the Greek Church: The usual
manner of representing a Saint is put first, as : Bislioj), Hermit,
x\bbess and the like.

S. Abraham of Chidane — Hermii, clothed in skins.
S. Abraham Persa — G. Sword. M.
S. Abundius, OR Abbondio. — Lance in Iiis hand — Sword. M.
S. AccACius, OR Achates. — One of tiie 14 Helpers-in-need

(See Sect ix.) Bishop — carrying sacred vessels.
S. AcHiLLEus (see Nereus).

S. AccuRsius. — Dominican — Sword in his breast.
S Adalbert. — Bishop, with club and lance M, P. of

Frankfort on Oder, Lebus, Prussia.
S. Adanctus. -*■ Roman soldier. Sword. M.
S. Adelaide. — Imperial crown on her liead.
S. Adeltrudis — Abbess, Staff in her hand.
S. Adjutor. — Benedictine ; casting a piece of his fetters

into an abyss, whicli was thoi^eby closed. To bo

invoked against drowning.
S. Adrian. — in Knightly armour; an anvil liCsldc him

(on which his hand was struck off); a lion at his

side. P. of soldiers and brewers. Protector against

pestilence. P. of Lisbon and Grammont.

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

S. Adrian Began — in the liabit of a Preinonstraiensian ;

holding a book; at his throat a stone.
S. .^GiDius OR Giles — one of the 14 Helpers-in-need:

wich a iiind pierced by an arrow (he was found in

the desert by huntsmen who were chasing a hind) ;

OP the arrow in his own breast and the hind in his

anns. P. of the woodland, of lepers, beggars, cripples.

P. of Julieps. Osnabruck, Klagenfurt, Gratz, Oschatz,

Heil;gens:adt, Edinburgh.
S. ^.MiLiANus OF Nantes — Bishop; sword in his hand

as leader against the Sai*acens. One of the P. of

Spain.
S. .^MiLiANus OF Trevi— Bisliop, with caldron and sword;

M. Near him a beam which he lengthened by his

prayers. P. of Ti^evi and Trent.
S. Afra of Augsburg — tied to ilie stake and surround-
ed by flames. P. of Penitent women, and of the

towns of Augsburg and Meissen.
S. Afra of Brescia — richly dressed; on a scalTold ready

for execution: in a group with S. Apolhmius and

SS. Faustinas & Jovita. P. of Brescia.
S. Agape — in. or near a fiery furntice. M.
S. Agapitus — hung head downwards over flames. M.
S. Agatha — with a long veil; in her hand or near,

pincers or shears with wiiich her breasts were torn

or cut off: or carrying her breasts on a dish or

salver. M. To be invoked against conflagrations. P of

the breasts; of women in Rome; of the order of S.

John of Malta, and of Mii^andola and Catania.
S. Ag.^thocles — G. Near him a glowing iron spike. M.
S. Agathos — beside him a bi^oken pitcher which once

excited him to reprehensible anger; sword in his

hand. M.

SAINTS AND TlIP:iR ATTRIP-UTES. 3

S. AoEfticL's, OR Airy — a child lying in a cornfield; or
as a Bishop calling down rain IVom heaven by his
prayers.

S. Agnes — a lamb beside her or in her arms (pos-
sibly on account of her name) — sometimes crown-
ed with olive — on a pile of faggois — holding
sword or dagger. M. Presenting a nun to the Vii'gin
(as P. of maidenhood).

S. Agnellus — Bishop, standing on a w-all holding a
banner, (he dei'ende.d the wall during an assault.)

S. AoRiTius — Bishop. Specially reverenced in Treves
and Cologne.

S. AiDAX — Bishop, a stag at his side — extinguishing a
fire by his prayers — stilling a storm.

S. Alban of England — Bishop; spreading out his cloak

— a sun above him — carrying his head in his
hand.

S. Alban of Mainz — SwoiyI. M. P. of farmers and of

Mainz.
S. Albertus Magnus — Bishop, a book in his hand.
S. Albert of Ogna — a farmer; cleaving a stone with

a sickle — a dove bringing him the consecrated

wafer.
S. Albert Siculus — Carmelite (he was founder of the

order) — a lily and light in his hund. P. of Messina.

To be invoked against yellow fever.
S. Albert of Siena — Hermit, a hai'e in his sleeve (it

took refuge witii him) — dispersing a whirlwind

by his p.'ayers — teauing himself in a thornbush

(when Satan in the foinn of a woman tempted him.)
S. Albert of Vercelli — Bishop — a knife in his hand. M.
S. Albinus, or Aubin of Angers — in episcopal robes

— I'estonng sight to the blind. P. of Namur.

SAIXTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES

S. Aldegonde, or Aldegund : — at S. Omer called S. Or-
gonne — Royal robes ; an Angel leading her across
a river — walking on the sea — the Holy Ghost as
a dove holding her nun's veil. P. of Maubeuge and
Emmei'ich. To be invoked against cancer.
S. Aldericus, OR AuDRi — Swineherd; a spring of water
rises as he touches the ground with his staff. P. of
Ziilpich and Sens.

S. Alexander — Pope, holding a chain and a sword. M.
P. of Mirandola.

S. Alexander — Bishop, with the badges of a Charcoal-
burner (as such he had worked). P. of Charcoal-
burners.

S. Alexander the Martyr — Roman soldier, an altar
near (which he overthrew in the Emperor's pre-
sence) — with a sword. P. of Freiburg in Breisgau,
Bergamo, Fiesole, Rastadt.

S. Alexis — Pilgrim, with the beggars dish — palm —
dying, near a flight of steps; (since in this way he
lived unrecognised in his parents' house, and died).
P. of beggars.

S. Alo — See S. Eligius.

S. Aloysius, or Louis Gonzaga — Jesuit: Cross and lily
in his hand. P. of Mantua.

S. Alphege — See S. Elphege.

S. Alpheus — (Greek Ch:) Sword. M.

S. Alphonse — See Ildefonso.

S. Alto — Benedictine; Knife in his hand. P. of Vineyards.

S. A>L\BiLis — Priest. P. of Riom.

S. A.NLxDEus — with princely insignia — The Blessed Vir-
gin giving him gloves. P. of Savoy,

S. Anlvndus o^f Maestricbt — Bishop — holding a large
sei^i»cnt or dragon. P. of Flanders and Urach.

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

S. Amandus of Nevers ■— Bishop: sword. M. P. of Rhodes.
To be invoked against Hghtning.

S. Amatus — Benedictine Abbot — smiting with his
staff a rock whence water gushes out. P. of Douay,

S. Ambrose — Bishop — scourge in his hand or beside
him (on account of the penance inflicted on the
Emperor Theodosius) — holding two liuman bones
(because of his discovery of the remains of SS. Ger-
vasius and Protasius), often with a beehive beside
him. P. of domestic animals : P. of Milan.

S. Amelberga — as nun — a large fish at her feet —
sometimes a spoon in her hand.

S. Ammon — priest — the executioner placing a red hot
bowl on his head.

S. Ananias — G. Bishop — being stoned.

S. Anastasia — pile of faggots near. M. Her tongue and
teeth being torn out, and hands and feet mutilated.

S. Anastasia — See S. Basilissa.

S. Anastasius — Axe. M. One of the P. of Granada.

S. Anatolia — protecting a man from a dragon — torches
and snakes near (with which she was tortured).

S. Anatolius — globes and mathematical instruments
near.

S. Andrew the Apostle — bearing a cross saltire — M.
P. of Agde, Austria, Avranches, Bordeaux, Brabant,
the Burgundian order of the Golden Fleece, the House
of Brunswick. Holstein, Liineburg, Luxembourg,
Minden, Orange, Pesaro, Scotland, Wolfenbiittel,
Zelle.

S. Andrew Avellino — Theatine. One of the P. of Naples
and Sicily.

S. Andrew Corsini ~ Bishop and Carmelite; Pastoral
Staff and Sword.

6 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

S. Andrew of Crete — Basilican — sacred pictures in
his hand or near him (he sultered martyrdom in
defence of them).

S. Angela — Ursuhne nun of which order she was
foundress.

S. Angelus — Carmehte — roses and hhes falhng from
his mouth (said to happen when he preached) —
bound to a tree, his bi^east pierced witli an arrow.

S. Anianus of Alexandria (1) — healing the hand of a
shoemaker which had been pierced by an awl.

S. Anne — with the Virgin Mary as a child standing
before her. P. of grooms. Protectress against po-
verty. P. of Brunswick.

S. Ansanus of Siena — a youth richly dressed — Palm.
M. Holding a palm branch with a cluster of dates —
City of Siena in the background or in his hand;
standard of the Cross. P. of Siena.

S. Ansbert — Bishop; holding a Chalice.

S. Anscharius (Anskar) — Bishop — converted Danes
(to whom he preached Christianity) at his side — fire
falling from heaven. P. of Bremen, Denmark, Sweden
Norway, and Upsala.

S. Anselm of Canterbury — Bishop and Doctor of the
Church, beholding a Vision of Christ and the Bless-
ed Virgin — a rose without thorns in his hand,
(because he preached the doctrine of the Immacu-
late Conception).

S. Anselm of Lucca — Bishop — healing the sick by
sprinkling with water. P. of Mantua.

(1) According to Albau Butler S. Anianus was a shoemaker and
pierced his hand with an awl and was healed by S. Maik. He
wa» afterwards Bishop of Alexandria.

SAINTS AND TH^JR ATTRIBUTES.

S. Ansovinus — Bishop — Barn near, which through his
prayers was filled during a famine. P. of Camerino.

S. Anthemus — G. Bishop: Sword. M.

S. Antonina — a barrel beside her (in which she was
suffocated).

S. Anthony — Hermit, with crutch — with the beggar'5?
bell and staff — a pig at his side. P. of pigs. Pro-
tector against er3'sipelas and pestilence. P. of Ethiopia.

S. Anthony of Padua — Franciscan — preaching to
the fishes — carr3'ing the Infant Saviour, with a hl}^
sometimes with an ass kneeling before him. To be
invoked for the finding of lost propert}-. P. of Padua,
Paderborn, Hildesheim.

S. Anthony of Florence — Dominican, with a Bishop's
mitre. P. of Mirandola, Castiglione, Piacenza, Pesaro.

S. Anthony of Sorrento — Abbot — banner in his hand
— near him the walls of the city (in which he was
buried). P. of Sorrento and Pamiers.

S. Apelles — Hermit — Surrounded with blacksmith's
tools.

S. Aper, or Evre — healing those possessed with devils.

S. Apollinaris of Ravenna — Club. M. — sitting in the
midst of flames — preaching to sheep. Protector
against stone. P. of Clermont and Valencia,

S. Apollonia — holding pincers with a tooth in them.
M. Protectress against toothache.

S. Apollonius (1) — pile of faggots — drowned in the
sea. M. P. of Braga and Brescia.

S. Aquila and S. Prisca, or Priscilla — shoemaker's
tools near them. Sword. M.

(1) As Bishop. He preached at Brescia and was afterwards Bishop.
He is found Mith S. Afra and SS. Faustina and Giovita.

8 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

S. Aquilinus — Bishop or as warrior — his neck pierc-
ed by a sword -- holding a bool^.

S. Arcadius — the dismembered Martyr. Chopper in his
hand (with which his limbs were chopped off one
by one) — sometimes with a club and burning
tapers near him.

S. Ariadne —■ G. — taking refuge in a rock which open-
ed in order to conceal her from her persecutors.

S. Arianus — G. — cast into the sea in a sack — a dolphin
carries his body ashore.

S. Arbogast — Abbot — healing the sick.

S. Aribert, or Heribert — Bishop — standing on an iron
bar which is made fast by two nails — holding the
model of a Church.

S. Aristion of Alexandria — G. — pile of faggots. M.

S. Arnold — a fish with a ring in its mouth near him.
P. of millers. Protector against losses.

S. Arnulph, or Arnoul of Metz. — Bishop — loaves
beside him (which were muldphed by his prayers)
extinguishing a fire by his blessing — sometimes he
is preceded by a wolf (which led him through the
desert.) P. of Metz.

S. Arnulph, or Arnoul of Soissons — Bishop — casting
out devils — sometimes a dog at his side.

S. Arsenius — Hermit, sittmg in the wilderness.

S. Artemius — G. Sword. M.

S. Ascylus and S. Victoria — crowned with roses.

S. Athala — holding her hand which had been chopped off.

S. Athanasia — Abbess — a loom beside her; a brilliant
star on her bosom.

S. Athanasius — Bishop — standing between two co-
lumns — a book in his hand. Protector against head-
ache. P. of Ciudad Rodrigo.

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. 9

S. Attalus — bupnt upon a red hot chair.

S. Andomarus — Bishop — lying amongst thorns.

S. AuDRY — see S. Aldericus.

S. Augusta — pile of faggots and sword. M.

S. Augustine — Bishop and father of the Church — in
his hand a pierced and burning heart (referring to
his use of this metaphor in Chap. IX of his Cojifes-
sions); sometimes an eagle near him — a child at his
side taking water from the sea in a muscle shell.
P. of Theologians. P, of Piombino and Palermo.

S. Augustine of England (Canterbury) — Benedictine —
crucifix in his hand, preaching.

S. AuREA — cast into the sea bound upon a millstone,
sometimes holding a torch.

S. AuxENTius — his head amongst branches of a tree
upon which sits a raven (the bird led to his dis-
cover}^ ~ Sword. M.

S. AvENTiNus OF Troyes — iu ppicstly vestments extract-
ing a thorn from a bear's paw. P. of Chateaudun.

S. AviTus — Bishop; holding a staff and a book. P. of
Volvic.

B

S. Babaea — lying on the ground pierced by a spsar —
her brother S. Tathael crucified near her

S Balbina — chains in her hand, (she found the lost
chains of S. Peter the Apostle.) Protectress against
croup.

S. Baldomer; in France Galmier — with locksmith's
tools, pincers etc. in his hand.

S. Barbara — one of tlie 14 Helpers-in-need, Chalice
and the Host in her hand — a tower near (in which
she was imprisoned) — sometimes holding a pea-

10 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

cock's feather — Sword. M. P. of Pyrotechnists, of
Engineers & Artillerymen. Protectress against hght-
ning and to be invoked against sudden and impenitent
death. P. of Guastalla, Ferrara, Mantua.

S. Barlaam and S. Josaphat — praying in a cave, the
one as an old man, the other as a 3-outh.

S. Barnabas — stones in his hand, or lying on the fag-
got pile. M. One of the P. of Milan.

S. Bartholomew — carr3ing his own skin — knife in
his hand (with which he was flayed). P. of Fermo,
Bethune, Pilsen, Altenburg, Frankfort am Main. P.
of bookbinders and tanners.

S. Basil the Great — Bishop of the Greek Church; a
dove on his arm — a fire beside him.

S. Basil the Martyr — G. — Lioness at his side. M.

S. Basilides — Roman senator — the executioner cuts
open his body.

S. Basilissa &. S. Anastasia — burying martyrs.

S. Bathildis, or Baudour, or Bauteur — as a nun with a
royal crown — holding the model of a church — in the
background a ladder with angels ascending it (Vision).

S. Bavon — Hermit, a large stone in his arms, a hollow
tree near him — or knight with a falcon on his
wrist — healing a man whose leg had been broken
b}' a waggon. P. of Ghent and Harlem.

S. BEATRfcE — rope in her hand. M.

S. Beatrice of Este — Carthusian abbess — holding
a cross and a nail in her hand.

S. Beatls — Hermit, cave near — dragon beside him.
P. of Thun and Lausanne.

S. Bede (the venerable) — Benedictine, book in his hand-
mathematical instruments beside him.

S. Begoa — in the habit of a Beguine (foundress of the

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. 11

Order) — holding the model of a Church — book in
her hand on which lies a ducal crown.

S Benedict — Bishop, or in the habit of his order — at
his side a raven with a piece of bread in his beak-
thorns near him (on which he once flung himself in
order to withstand temptation,) — holding a piece of
bread out of which creeps a serpent (to indicate
poison which he miraculously^ escaped.) To be
invoked against erysipelas and inflammation and
also against poison. P. of the Stil't of Seligenstadt, of
Mons, Palermo, Biel.

S. Benedict, or Bennet of Wearmouth, commonly called
S. Bennet, or Benedict Biscop — Bishop — in the
background two monasteries separated by a river,
(he founded them.)

S. Benedict, or Benoit of Aniane — Benedictine; giving
the habit of the order to William of Aquitaine.

S. Benezet, or Little Bennet — Shepherd — a bridge
near him (he built the bridge at Avignon).

S. Benignus — Priest, giving the benediction, holding a
key — his body pierced by two lances — som.etimes
represented with feet fastened into a stone with
molten lead — dogs near (which refused to hurt
him). P. of Piedmont, Burgundy, Dijon.

S. Benignus of Rome — Knight m armour with a banner
in his hand, often on horseback.

S. Benno — with a fish in his hand; in the mouth of the
fish a key (because thus the key of the Church at
Meissen was miraculously recovered.) One of the P.
of Bavaria. To be invoked for obtaining fertilising rain.

S. Benvenutus of Osimo — Bishop.

S. Berardus — Franciscan ; Axe. M. — near him a horse
kneeling before an altar.

12 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES

S. Berenwardus or Berenward — Bishop — golden ves-
sels and goldsmiths tools around; one of the P. of
Hildesheim.

S. Bernard of Clairvaux — Cistercian; a book in his
hand, sometimes three mitres on it or at his feet —
writing implements before him — a dog, or demon
n«ar. He is sometimes represented with the beehive
ill allusion to his title of Doctor MelUJtaous. P. of
Baden.

S. Bernard Ptolemy or dei Tolomei — white Benedic-
tine habit, holding olive branch (allusion to the Oli-
vetani which he founded) — kneeling before the
Virgin — at his feet a small hill with olive tree and
cell — receiving from the Virgin branches of Olive.

S. Bernardo degli Uberti — Order of Vallombrosa:
Abbot; Cardinal.

S. Bernard of Tironio — Hermit — surrounded with tur-
ner's tools — a wolf brings back to him a calf
which had strayed. P. of turners.

S. Bernardino of Siena — Franciscan — in his hand a
tablet on which, within a circle of golden rays, is
inscribed the sacred monogram I.H.S. (this sign
once shone above him.)

S. Bertha — Abbess — holding a stafi' and a model ot
a church — sometimes in a robe embroidered with
lilies.

S. Berthold — Benedictine Abbot — carrying bread
and fish (which he miraculously multiplied).

S. Bertinus or Bertin — Abbot — walking on the water,
the sacred wafer in his hand.

S. Bertulphus — Abbot — holding a small ship: lean-
ing on a spade — turning water into wine — an
eagle poised above him shelters him from rain.

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. llB

S. BiBiANA — ro 1 in her hand — Palm — dagger in liei'
bi'oa^L — a dog finds her bod}'. Protectress against
headache and epiieps}'. One of die P. of Seville.

S. BiRiNus — restoring sight io the blind — walking on
the sea with a chalice in his hand.

S. Blandixa — a heifer at hei* side — a net in herhaad.
M. P. of maidens.

S. Blasius or Blaise or Blase — one of the 14 Helpers-
in-need — Bishop — iron comb. M. Wax tapers in his
hand. P. of woolconibers. Protector against diseases
of the neck, and cough, and against wild beasts.
P. of Ragusa.

S. Bona or Beuve — nun — cross crownlet in hor
hand.

S, Bona VENTURA — - (Doctor Seraphicus) Franciscan with
t!ie insignia of a Bishop and Father of the Churcii— -
book in his hand — an angel administering the
Blessed Saci'ament to him — before him a crucifix to
vvhicli lie points. One of the P. of Lyons.

S. Bonjface — Bishop — sword M. — holding a book,
which is transpierced with a sword. P. of Thuringia.
Hamelin, Fulda.

S. Bridget or Brigida or Bride of Kildare — Abbess
01' in the long while veil and ample robe given to
Christian convePis — cross and lamp in her hands —
a tongue of flame over her head. P. of I Iceland.

S. Bridget of Sweden — Nun — in hei* liand a heart
signed witli a cross — sometimes a cow and a child
near her — ci'own in her hand. P. of Sweden.

S. Briocus or Brieuc or Brioche — Bishop — a column
of fire over him (whicli appeared when he was
ordained Priest) P. of Bneux.

S. Britius or Brice of Tours — Bishop — carrying

14 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES

live coals in his robe (he did so to prov3 his inno-
cence). Protector against stomach ache.

S. Bruno, also called Boniface — Carthusian — some-
times holding a cross the ends of which are sprout-
ing into leaf. Protector against pestilence.

S. Burckard — Bishop — holding the sacred wafer. P. of
Worms and Wurzbui-g. Protector against pains in
the limbs.

S. Burckard of Muri — Priest — near him a jackdaw
with a broken wing.

S. Cajetan of Thiene — as one the '^ Regular Clerks," of
which he was the institutor) a Lily in his hand. (See
Appendix C.)

S. Cajus — Pope — Sword. M. One of the P. of Malaga.

S. Calixtus — Pope — a stone bound to his neck, being
thrown into a well. One of the P. of Seville.

S. Calliopa — bound to a stake — red hot iron on her
Ijpeast —• rolled on potshevds.

S. C-esarius of Arles — Bishop extinguishing a confla-
gration by his prayers.

S. Callistratus — Sword. M. — borne upon the backs
of two dolphins.

S. Candida — beaten with rods.

S. Candidus — Hermit — grinding corn in a handmill.

S. Canute — royal crown on his head — Arrows and
spears. M.

S. Caradoc — Hermit or Knight — model of a church in
his hand.

S. Carilephus — Abbot — a buffalo kneeling before him
awaiting his blessing.

SALNTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. li^

S. Carlomannus — Benedictine liolding a Crucifix from
whicli spring three lilies; a crown at his feet (he
was son of Charles Martel),

S. Carolus Magnus — (Charlemagne) Emperor with
crown and ecepti^e. P. of Aix la Chapelle and Hil-
desheim.

S. Carpophorus — beaten to death with leaden scom^ges
— wolves near his body.

S. Casilda — Roses in her lap (into which was changed
the bread she was camwing to the poor). Protectress
against hemorrhage.

S. Casimir — in Polish costume^, crown and sceptre at
his feet (he resigned) — lilies in his hand. P. of
Poland and Litlmania

S. Cassian — Bishop — with st3des and school apparatus
round him. (He was stabbed to death wit!) styles)
P. of Marseilles, Brixen, Imola.

S. Castor — Priest — saving a sinking ship. P. of Coblenz.

S. Castorius — as a sculptor at work on a statue.

S. Catherine of Alexandria — a broken wheel armed
with blades beside her — a roll in her hand — a
cross at her L'QQt — the Infant Saviour giving her a
ring — with a royal crown, the Emperor Maximin
beneath lier feet. P. of philosophers, orators, and
of schools and colleges. To be invoked in diseases
of the tongue. P. of Saxony, Magdeburg, Oppenheim,
Zuickau, Venice.

S. Catherine of Bologna — in the habit of the Order of
" Poor Clares " carrying the Infant Saviour.

S. Catherixe of Genoa — Nun — holding a heart pierc-
ed with an arrow.

S. Catherine of Siena — ring in her hand, or receiving
it from the Infant Saviour — crucifix in h^/ arms —

16 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

crown of thorns on her head — hly — with the
stigmata.

S. Catherine of Sweden — with insignia betokening ro-
yal descent — by her side a doe (which protected
her I'rom the attacks of profligate young men).

S. Cecilia — musical instruments round her — a wreath
of roses on her head — lying on her face with a
wound in her neck (as she was found in her grave).
Sword. M. P. of Music. P. of Blois. Alby, Verden.

S. Chad. — as Bishop — holding model of Church.

S. Charitina — G. — - with pincers for wrenching out
teeth and the nails from hands and feet, M. — an
Angel extinguishes the fire in which she was to
have been burnt. One of the P. of Carthagina.

S. Charles Borro.meo — Bishop — with plague stricken
people beside him. P. of Milan and Guastalla.

S. Cheron — Bishop — carrying his head.

S. Christian — Bishop. Sword. M.

S. Christina — a millstone (bound to it and thrown into
the lake she floated) — Pincers and Kni.e —Arrows.
M. — with serpents in her hand and round her
(unharmed by them). P. of Venice and Boise na.

S. Christopher— one of the 14 Helpe'-s-in-need. Of gi-
gantic stature wading through a river, carrying the
Infant Saviour on his shoulder. One of the P. of
Mariners. P. of Brunswick, Stuttgardt, Tourcoing.
P. of Water. Protector against pestilence.

S. Christopher of Cordova — Benedictine — Sword. M.

S. Chrysanthus — San Grisante — (S. Chrysanthus &
S. Daria. (1) G. a ditch full of mud beside him (in which

(1) S. Daria i^ said to have bean buried alive.

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. 17

he was suiibcated) — with torch and axe. — One

of the P. of Salzburg.
S. Chrysogonus -- cpown in his hand — Axe M.
S. CiNTHiA— cpowned with thorns hokhng lily. Sword. M.
S. Clair — carrying iiis head. M.
S- Clara — in the gfey habit of her Ordei* with the

statf of an Abbess — hly — a monstrance or pyx

in hei* hand (because liolding tliis before her slie

compelled tijc Saracens to retreat). Protectress of

the eyes.
S. Clara of Montefalco — Augustine nun — three balls

and three hlies in her hand.
S. Claudius — Bishop — a child by his side.
S. Clement of Rome — with the papal crown — Anchor

M. P. of Metz.
S- Clodoaldus or S. Cloud — Benedictine wiih insignia

betokening royal descent — his hood which he had

given to a beggar, in flames.
S. Clotilda — in royal attire — attended by an Angel

b^^^-.ring a shield on which are the ihree lilies (fleur

de lys) of the arms of P'rance (said to have oeen

introduced in consequence of a vision she had.)
S. CoiNTHiA — dragged by the feet and stoned. M.
S, CoLMAN — Pilgrim — rope in his hand. M.
S. CoLUMBA THE Abbot; OR CoLUMKiLL — Bcnedictine —

basket of bread beside him — before him the globe

floating in a ray of sunlight (Vision).
S. CoLUMBA OF Cordova — faggott pile and flames — M.

an angel near her (whom at her death she saw.)

One of the P. of Cordova, and Zamora.
S. CoLUMBA OF Sens — crowned with thorns — a she

bear beside her (which protected her when she

was pursued).

18 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

S. CoLUMBAN — Bishop — a bi'iglit sun on his breast or
over him (seen by his mother at his birth) a bear
at his side (which once spared him).

S. CoMGALLus — Abbot — redhot stone in his hand
(which he carried unhurt) — an Angel brings him fish.

S. CoNGORDiA — scourged with leaden scourges.

S. Conrad of Constance — Bishop — Chalice, over which
a spider is spinning its web, in his hand — (he once
swallowed a spider in the consecrated wine and it
afterwards crawled from his mouth). P. of Swabia
and of the monastery of Constance.

S. Conrad of Mantua — a burning faggot pile at his
side. M.

S. Conrad of Placentia — Franciscan — small birds
about him — making baskets.

S. Constable — as Abbot — saving a sinking ship.

S. CoNSTANTiA — faggot pile near. M.

S. CoNSTANTiNE — in Imperial robes — sceptre or La-
barum — as warrior, with lance surmounted by
Christian monogram.

S. CoNSTANTius — Romau soldier with sword and ban-
ner. P. of Saluzzo, Perugia and Monastery of Ha-
vell)erg.

S. CoRBiNiAN OF Freysingen — Bishop — a bear carrying
his pack (he compelled a bear which had devoured
his mule, to carry his luggage to Rome). P. of the
monastery of Freysingen.

S. Cornelia — a cross in her hand — a dove flying
towards her.

S. Cornelius — Pope — holding in his hand a horn for
anointing oil. (1) Sword. M. To be invoked against

{\j Sonw rav a drinking horn.

SAINTS AND TFTEIR ATTRIBUTES. 19

epilepsy. One of the P. of Malaga, and Compiegne.

S. Corona — rent in twain between two trees M.

S. CoRONATus — Bishop — lance in his hand. M.

S. Cosmo & S. Damian — as physicians, holding cup of
medicine or surgical instruments. P. of Doctors
and Apothecaries. Protectors of the glands. P. of
the monastery of Eossa, of Salamanca, and Bohemia.

S. CosTANzo — Bishop; chiefly venerated in Perugia.

S. Crescentia — a gridiron near her. M.

S. Cresckntius — in the vestment of a subdeacon — sick
people, round him. P. of Siena.

S. Crispin & Crispinian — with shoemaker's tools. P. of
shoemakers and weavers. P. of Osnabriick and
Soissons.

S. Crispin of Viterbo — Capuchin.

S. Cunibert of Cologne — Bishop — model of a church
in his hand — over him a dove (signifying his elec-
tion as Bishop.)

S. Cuniganda — See Kunigunda.

S, Cuthbert — Abbot or Bishop — a column of bright
light over him — Swans beside him, others doing
him service — An Angel bringing him three loaves.
P. of shepherds.

S. Cyriacus — one of the 14 Helpers-in-need. — Deacon —
dragons beneath his feet — boiling pitch being poured
on his head— Sword. M. P. of Ancona. Protector
against evil spirits.

S. Cyril (1) — Bishop — converted Bulgarians round
him, (Apostle of Bulgaria). One of the P. of Bohemia.
S. Cyril of Alexandria — Patriarch — on his head a
veil on which a cross is embroidered.

(1) Generally with S. Methodius.

20 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

S. Cyril the Carmelite — in the habit of his Oi'der. Out
of the clouds an Angel gives him two tablets.

S. Cyrilla — holding incense in her hand over burning
coals (she chose rather to burn her hand than to
offer incense to idols).

S. Cyprian of Antioch — generalh^ in company with
S. Justina — l)urning his books of magic or trampling
them under his feet — red hot gridiron or sword M.

S. Cyprian of Carthage — Bishop and Doctor of the
Church — Sword. M.

ID

S. Dagobert — Royal crown and sceptre — holding
nails. M.

S. Daniel Stylites — standing on, or at the foot of a
pillar — deaths head and cross in his hand.

S. Daria (See S. Chrysanthus) — buried alive up to her
neck — Sword. M. One of the P. of Salzburg.

S. David of Wales — Bishop — dove on his shoulder-
standing on a hill fwhich rose beneath him as he
preached). P. of Utrecht.

S. Davinus — Pilc^rim — bearincf a cross on his shoulder

— a vine growing out of his grave.
S. Dclphine (See Elzear).

S. Demetrius -— holding spear and arrows, M.
S. Demetrius of Spoleto — Hermit — round his head

golden rays.
S. Dentelinus — as a child — P. of Rees.
S. Deodatus or Die — Abbot — moving the trunk of a

large tree without help.
S. Deodatus of Nola — Bishop or Hermit — healing a

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. 21

woman possessed. Protector against thunderstorms.

P. of S. Diez.
S. Deodolus — Hermit — making baskets — a wild boat*

beside liim (which took refuge with him when pursued

by huntsmen).
S. Desideratus of Bourges — Bishop — To be invoked

for fertihzing rain.
S. Desiderius or Didier of Langres — Bishop. Sword. M.
S. Desiderius or Desire of Vienne — Bisliop — rope

(with which he was strangled) in his hand. P. of

Lons le Saulnier.
S. DiDAcus OR S. JAiMfi OR S. DiEGO OF Alcala — also

called Frere Jacques — as a Franciscan — cross

and rosary in his hand — cooking utensils near him.
S. DiDYMAS — G. — treading on Serpents — hanging on

the cross and mutilated. M.
S. DioNYsius THE Areopagite — HS a Father of the Church,

writing. Sword. M.
S. DiONYSius OR Denis of France — one of the 14 Help-

ers-in-need; Bishop — carrying his head in his hand

(he carried it to Mont. Mainre after he was beheaded).

P. of France. Protector against headache.
S. DioNYs (See Seven Sleepers).
S. DioscoRus — buiMiing torches in his hand. M.
S. DisMAS THE GOOD THIEF — with the Cross beside him.

P. of condemned criminals.
S. DoMiNiC — in the habit of his order — Lily in his

hand,star on, or just above his head — a black

and white dog at his side with a gleaming torch in

his mouth (giving light to the world; this was his

mother's dream) — sometimes a sparrow beside

liim (the devil appeared to him in this form) one of

the P. of Madrid, Cordova, Palermo.

22 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES-

S. DoMiMc OF SoRA — Benedictine Abbot — changing
fish into snakes. To be invoked against the bites of
snakes and mad dogs.

S. DoNATiAN — Bishop — spear and Sword, M. P. of
Glient and Bruges.

S. DoNATiLLA — red hot gridiron b}' her side M.

S. DoNATus — Bishop — Sword or Axe M. — holding a
wheel surrounded with lights — or a glass chalice
(the broken pieces of which were re-united atHiis
prayer) — P. of Meissen, Vicenza and Arezzo. Pro-
tector against danger from fire, water and thunder-
storms.

S. Dorothea or Dorothy — roses and fruit near her, or
in a basket carried by an Angel — or with three
apples and three roses (sent by her at her Martyr-
dom to one who had mocked her) — crowned with
roses — Sword. M. P. of Brewers.

S. DoROTHEus OF Tyre — Bishop — G. — club or scourge
in his hand. M.

S. Drogo, or S. Druon — shepherd, P. of shepherds. To
be invoked against dumbness.

S. Dunstan — Bishop — with smiths' tools — holding
the devil with tongs — playing the harp — the hea-
venly host surrounding him. P. of goldsmiths.

S. Dympna — G. — Sword in her hand (with which she
stabbed her father to save herself from his assaults)
— sometimes a calf at her side (which drew awaj^
her corpse). Protreciress against insanity. P. of
Gheel.

S. Eanswide — Abbess — carrying two fishes on a
half hoop.

SA.INTS AND TH.^IR ATTRIBUTES. 23

S. Ebba, or Tabbs or Abbs — cuuing oil" her nose and
iippei* lip (so as not to I'all a vicoiiii to the violence
of the baI*bal^ans).

S. Eberhard — Feeding tlie poor and lepers. P. of
swineherds.

S. EciANus, OR EcHENus — Bisliop — plough beside him
drawn by stags (thus he cultivated the land).

S. Edessus — lying on a red hot gridiron.

S. Ediltruda — Queen — reading — a demon beside her.

S. Edith of Wilton — Nun, with insignia betokening
royal descent.

S. Edmund — in royal apparel — an arrow in his hand
or bound to a tree and pierced with arrows. M. be-
side him a greyhound (which discovered Lodbrog's
corpse; — or a bear or wolf near (which guarded
his dead body).

S. Edmund, or Edme of Canterbury — with the insignia
of an Archbishop — the Infant Saviour appearing
to him in a vision.

S. Edward the Confessor — royal robes — carrying a
sick man (who was thereby healed).

S. Edward the Martyr — royal insignia— a cup out of
which rises a snake, and a dagger in his hand,
(he was stabbed while drinking the stirrup-cup).

S. Egwinus, or Egwjn — Benedictine — before him a
large fish in the jaws of which the lost. keys were
found.

S. Eleutherius of Rome — pope — glowing oven or
Sword. M. — an Angel delivers him from scoui^ging.

S. Eligius, or Alo, Eloi, Loo — Bishop — with hammer
and tongs in his hand, an anvil beside him (he had
been a goldsmith). P. of locksmiths, goldsmiths,
smiths. P. of horses. P. of Noyon, Dunkirk, Bologna.

24 SAINT3 AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

S. Elizabeth of Hungary, or Thuringia — a crown on
hev head, or three crowns (representing her sanc-
tity as a virgin, wife and widow) — carrying a basket
of bread and a wine jai- — beggars near her —
beside hei- a basket of roses (into which her chari-
table gifts were changed). P. of Hesse, Thuringia,
Isny.

S. ElizIbeth of Portugal (1) - with a royal crown —
beggars .about her — or in the habit of a Franciscan
nun, rose in her hand.

S. Elizabeth of Schonaug — Abbess — treading on a
dragon (to signify victory over temptation of the devil).

S. Elmo (see Erasmus).

S. Elphege. or Alphege — Bishop — holding his robe
full of stones — Axe in his hand M.

S. Elzear, or Eleazar — Kniglit holding a net and a
lily — a coroneted helmet at his feet — (holding a
packet of sealed papers — usually represented with
S. Delpliine, Mrs Jameson).

S. Emeran — Bishop — spear and ladder. M. — with
severed, hands and feet. P. of RaUsbon.

S. Emerentiana — carrying stones in her lap. M.

S. Emilion — a wild boar at his side (which took refuge
with him).

S. Emmerich — in Hungarian costume with princely
insignia — Kneeling before an altar.

S. Engelbert of Cologne — Bishop — Sworil M. P. of
the monastery of Essen.

(1) Mrs Jameson says : distinguished from S. Elis : of H. by her
venerable age, or by having the arms of Portugal or Aragon placed
in some part of the pictm-e.

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. 25

S. Engelmund — as pilgrim — spring of water beside hiin.
S. Ephesus — kneeling unscathed in a fiery furnace.
S. Ephrem — as Hermit — a column of light over him.

One of the P. of Asturia.
S. Epimachus — holding nails in his hand. M.
S. Erasmus, or Elmo, or Elme — one of the 14 Helpers-

in-need. A reel or windlass near him on which

his entrails were drawn out. Protector against

storms at sea.
S. Ercolano (see Herculanus).
S. Erentrude — Nun — washing lepers.
S. Erhard — Bishop — healing the sick — Axe. M.
S. Eric of Sweden — in royal robes. P. of Sweden.
S. Ermeund — led by an Angel (who concealed her

from assault).
S. Erpho — Bishop — armour beneath his episcopal

robes (refering to the name b}' which he was

known: Miles Christi).
S. Ethelburga — Benedictine Abbess — pastoral staff

and books .
S. Ethelbert — with royal insignia — slain by a soldier

before the altar.
S. Ethelreda or Audrey — in royal ornat or as Abbess.

— lily and pastoral staff.
S. Etto — as Bishop — oxen and cows near him.
S. EuBULus — lions licking his feet. Sword. M.
S. EucHARius, OR Eucherius — Bishop — standing before

open grave out of which a devil rises.
S. EuDOxiA — Sword. M.
S. EuDoxius — - Roman soldiers — holding a scourge

with heavy balls.
S. Eugenia — swimming with a stone tied to her neck —

Sword. M. One of the P. of Cordova.

26 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

S. EuGENius (1) — Bishop — club M. — sometimes a
dragon at his side. P. of Toledo and Trebizon. P. of
Millers.

S. EuLALiA OR AuLAiRE — cposs. M. — Swopd In her
breast — flames and hooks as instruments of tor-
ture — her soul issuing from her mouth in the form
of a dove. One of the P. of Barcelona, Merida.

S. EuLOGius — Bishop — lance, or Sword. M. — One of
the P. of Oviedo, and Cordova. P. of Carpenters.

S. EupHEMiA — wheel at her side M. The manner of her
death is sometimes betokened by a bear or lion ;
according to others she is represented with an oil-
spoon or a lance in her hand. P. of Antequera.

S. Euphrasia — Nun of the order of the Minimes —
carrying a stone.

S. Euphrasia of Nicomedia — a soldier with a drawn
sword at her side (she persuaded the man to be-
head her by declaring that she possessed a remedy
against all wounds).

S. EupHROSYNA OF ALEXANDRIA — dviug — iu the habit of
a monk (which she wore instead of woman's clothes).

S. EupsYCHius — G. — Sword M.

S. EusEBiA — Sword. M.

S. EusEBius OF Rome, or of Vercelli — (Verceil) speak-
ing without a tongue — leaden club. M. P. of Venice,
VerceUi, Arnheim.

S. Eusebius of Samosata — a tile in his hand (with which
he was killed by an Asian woman).

(1) There were 2 Saints of this name, one who was Bishop of
Paris, the other Archbp of Toledo. There was also a Bp of Carthage
of the same name.

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. 27

S. EusEus — HeiMnit — suri'ounded with shoemaker's

tools. P. of Cobbler^i.
S. Eustace — one oi' the 14 Helpers-in-need; as a Roman

soldier — a stag with a Crucifix between its antlers —

burnt in a red-hot bull. M. P. of huntsmen, one of the

P. of Madrid.
S. EusTATius — Abbot — healing the sick.
S. EusTORGius — Bishop — near iiim a carriage drawn

b}^ an ox and a wolf.
S. EusTRATius — lying on a red hot gridiron.
S. EuTROPiA — G. — Torch at her side (she was burnt

with torches).
S. EuTROPius — with shoes through which nails were

driven into his feet (torture) -- at his side the stem

of a tree putting forth leaves (as did the stake to

which he was bound) — Sword. M. Protector against

dropsy. P. of Saintes.
S. EuTYCHius — Priest — wild heasts surround him in

the circus without attacking him.
S. EvARiSTus — Pope — Sword. M.
S. EvASius — Bishop — sword. M. P. of Casale.
S. EvERMUNDus — Bisliop — breaking the cliains of a

prisoner by sprinkling them with boly water.
S. EvROLT, OR EvRON OF LuxEN — Abbot — a piece of bread

in his hand (his sole possession when he left the court)

— an ass near him which brought him provisions.
S. EvvALD — the Black and the Fair; so called from the

colour of their hair and complexion; twin brothers

— as priests — their bodies floating against the stream,
sword and club. M. bright ray from heaven over
them. P. of Westphalia.

S. ExupERANTius — Bisliop •— carrying his head in his
hand. P. of Zurich.

28 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES

S. ExuPERius OF Toulouse — Bishop — a plough neai*
him.

F

S. Fabian — Pope — dove at his side (by which he was

designated pope) — sword. M.
S. FoRA — Al)bess — holding six ears of corn.
S. Fausta — pierced with nails in all parts of her body.

— caldron M.
S. Faustinus, and S. Jovita or Giovita — Priests —

wild beasts round them (which rei'used to attack

them) holding a ladle of molten lead. Sword. M. P. of

Bi^escia.
S. Faustus — priest — bound to the stake — holding

ari'ows. M. One of the P. of Cordova.
S. Febronica — crown at her side — Sword. M.
S. Felicianus Bishop — hands and feet pierced, tongs

and hooks. M. P. of Foligno and Placentia.
S. FELicrrAS — Caldron of oil beside her — sword. M. —

often represented with her seven sons. To be invoked

for the blessing of heirs male.
S. Felix — as pope — sword. M. P. of Zurich, Seville,

Evora.
S. Felix de Cantaliccio — Capuchin, carrying the infant

Saviour — beggars wallet on his shoulder — an Angel

pouring wine into two jars.
S. Felix of Nola — in a cave before the entrance to

which is a spider's web (which concealed him from

his pursuers) a jar at his side (he lay upon potsherds

in prison) gathering grapes from a thornbush. Pro-
tector against perjury.
S. Felix in Pincis — Bishop — pierced with styles by

children.

SAINT.^ AND TIIFJR ATTRIBUTES. 29

S. Felix of Valois — Trinitarian — royal insignia be-
side him — a stag with a cross on its antlers neai*
l)im, or sitting by a fountain at which a stag is
diMnking, P. of Valencia.

S. Ferdinand of Castile — with royal insignia — on his
breast a cross with thorns (which he wore). P. of
Seville.

S. Feriolus or Ferreol — Gallows beside him (he ofTer-
ed to be hanged in place of a criminal) — broken
fetters in his hand. P. of geese.

S. FiACRius or Fiaker, Fiacre, Fefre — cleaving the
ground with his stalT — a doe at his feet. Protector
against hemorrhoids.

S. FiDELis OF Sigmaringen — As Franciscan — thorny
club. M.

S. Fides, Spes and Caritas — three children — Sword M.

S. FiLOxMENA (see Philomena).

S. FiNA — specially commemorated in Gemignano.

S. FiNTANus or Fintan — royal insignia — dove on his
shoulder (S. Blasius appeared to him in this form).
P. of Salzburg and the monastery of Rheinau.

S. FiRMiNA — at the Stake — two angels near her.

S. FiRMiNus OR I'iRMiN OF Amicus ~ Bisliop — sword. M.
One of the patrons of Pam[)eluna, Navarre, Beau-
vais.

S. Flavian — Bishop — sword M.

S. Flavia Domitilla — in a room surrounded by burn-
ing braziers (she was tlius suffocated).

S. Flora of Cordova — palm and sword M.

S. Florens ■— as shepherd — near him a bear keeping
the sheep.

S. Florens or Florentius of Strasburg — Bishop or
Hermit — wild animals round him.

30 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES

I

S. Florentinus ViNDEMiALis — slaviog a dragon with the
sign of ilie cross. P. of Amboise.

S. Florentinus of Scotland — royal insignia at his feet —
herding swine.

S. Florlan — Roman soldier — a pitcher in his hand
from Avhich he pours water into ine fire. P. of Austria,
Poland, Bologna Cracow. To be invoked against
conflagrations and against barrenness.

S. FoRTuNATA — holding a palm br-^nch and a vessel.

S. FoRTL'NATis — Bishoj) — shears. M.

S. Francesca Romana — Nun — kneeling before the
monstrance, while rays proceed from the consecra-
ted wafer and fall upon her heart — a guardian
Angel near her.

S. Francis of Assisi — in the habit of his Order — with
th "! five sacred wounds, sometimes also crowned
wiih thorns — offering red and white roses to the
Intant Saviour (they grew on the thorns on which
ho laid as penance) — lily in his hand. P. of Miran-
d'^la and Casriglione.

S. Francis BoRGL\ — Jesuitand Cardinal — prince's coronet
near (he was of princely lineage) — in his hand a
crowned skull (because he was converted through
the death of the Empress Isabella).

S. Francis de Paula — in the habit of the Order of the
Minimes (of which he was liie Founder), with a long
beard -— before him the word Caritas in a glory — stand-
ing on his mantle which is spread out upon the Sea.

S. Franciscus Regio — as a Jesuit — a small cross in
his hand.

S. Francis de Sales — Bishop — holding a heart pierced,
and crowned with thorns — a dove descends on his
shoulder while he is celebrating mass.

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. 31

S. Francis Solanus — Indians near him (he preached

Christianity in Peru).
S. Francis Xavier — Jesuit — pilgrim's staff and Crucifix

in his hand. One of the P. of Navarre; East Indies,

Bologna.
S. Friardes — Benedictine — watering a withered shrub.
S. Frideswide — Abbess — an ox at her feet.
S. Fridolin — Abbot — awakening the dead. P. of Sack-

ingen, Glarus, Strasburg.
S. Frederick of Utrecht — Bishop — pierced by two

swords.
S. Frigdianus, Frigidian, Fridian, Frediano — Augustine

— an iron comb in his hand.
S. Fructuosus — Bishop —at the stake, singing. One of

the P. of Segovia and Tarragon.
S. Fuloentius — Bishop — idols beneath his feet.

Gr

S. Gabinius — Priest — in a prison of which the doors
stand open — bradawl in his hand.

S. Galla of Rome — Nun, with a beard which grew
to conceal her from persecution.

S. Gallus or Gall — Hermit, with staff and bread, a
bear at his side (a bear waited on him in his Her-
mitage) P. of cocks. P. of the monastei^y of S. Gall;
and of Ladenberg.

S. Gaudentius of Novara — Bishop — P. of Novara.

S. Gaudentius of Rimini — Bishop — administering the
Holy Comunion — Sword. M.

S. Gaugericus, G^res, or Gery — Bishop — Beside him
a dragon or demon.

32 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTPIBUTES.

S. Gebhard of CosTNiTZ — Bisliop — holding a stick

with which he once healed a lame man.
S. Geminianus — Bishop — near him a devil which he
had cast out — often the model of a Church in his
hand — a mirror beibre his breast on which is seen
the image of the Blessed Virgm —Sword. M. P. of
Ferrara. Modena, Castiglione.
S. Genesius — In the costume of a Roman actor — Che
was on the stage when he was converted and pro-
fessed Christianity) Sword, M, P. of actors.
S. Gengulphus. or Gaudoul — Knight — with a javehn,

with which he was slain. P. of Cahors.
S. Genovera or Genevieve of Brabant — in a cave, a
doe near her (which nourished her and her son.
when, being innocent, her husband put her away),
S. Genoveva or Geneir^ve of Paris — holding a lighted
taper, at her feet a devil holding a pair of bellows
(she drove him away with consecrated candles; ac-
cording to others she rekindled by her. prayers the
tapers which the devil had blown out during her vigils)
— as a -shepherdess, distal!' or spindle in her hand
or near, a lamb beside her — holding a loaf— hold-
inirkevs. P. of Paris. To he invoked against drought.
S. George"- one of the 14 Kelpers-in-need - Knight -
often on horseback, the dragon at his feet the
white banner with red cross in his hand. P. of soldiers.
P. of Alexandina, Amersfort, Aragon, Bavaria, Cata-
lonia, Constantinople, Dinkelsbiihl, Eisenach, England,
Ferrara, Friedberg, Genoa, Germany, Liege, Limburg.
Lithuania, Mantua, Mansfeld, N6rdlingen,Nymwegen,
Philippsburg, Piedmont, Portugal, Schleswig, Schlett-
stadt, Stade, Sweden, Tubingen, Ulm, Valencia, Ve-
nice, Vigevano.

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. 83

S. Gerasimus — a lion at his side carrying a basket in

his mouth (because in his monastery a hon did duty

as house-dog).
S. Gereon — as a warrior — thrown into a well — sword.

M. P. of Cologne, Magdeburg.
S. Gerhard or Gerard — Bishop — lance and stones,

M. — bird bringing him a fish.
S. Gerlacl's — Hermit — near him a hollow oak (in

which he lived) a thorn in his foot (he wounded

iiimseif with a thorn in the foot with which, when

a boy, he once kicked his mother) -- an ass at his

side.
S, Germana — palm branch in her hand — standing on

a mountain — angels' heads around her.
S. Ger.manus or Germain of Amiens — Bishop — crossing

the sea on a carriage wheel — wrapping a dragon

in his robe ■— throwing down a wall with his foot —

sword. M.
S. Germanus or Germain of Auxerre — Bishop, with

Crozier — - or as a Huntsman with slain animals round

him. P. of Auxerre and Toulouse.
S. Germants or Germain of Granvelle — Abbot — lance

in his hand. M. P. of Tillemont.
S. Germanus or Germain of Paris — Bishop — extinguish-
ing fire by his prayers — giving alms. One of the

P. of Paris,
S. Gertrudi^ of Aldenburg — Premonstratensian Abbess,

a lion at luir feet (referring to the heretics whom

she Overcame.)
S. Gertrude of Eislebex — Benedictine Abbess — holding

a burning heart and a book.
S. Gertrude of Nivelle — Nun, with insignia betokening

princeh^ descent — standing by the sea, a lily in her

84 SATNTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

hand — mice about her (which wei*e driven away

U}- the efficacy of the w^ater from her spring). P. of

widows. Protectress against naice. Patron of Breda

and Bergen op Zoom.
S. Gervasius & S. Prota-sius — scourges loaded with

lead in their hands (with such they were beaten to

death) — with an eagle neai*. Protectors against

theft. P. of Milan, Macon, Nevere, Soissons.
S. Gilbert — Premonstratensian — helmet and armoui'

at his side — healing sick children.
S. Giles — (see S. Aegidius.)
S, GiRARDus — Hermit — a large stone hanging by a

chain round his neck.
S. GisELA — Abbess — a crown beside her.
S. GisLENus — Bishop — over him a flying eagle^ i^eside

him a beai».
S. GoAR — three does ac his side (which nourished Iiis

companions) — his hat hanging on a sunbeam —

devil on his shoulder — jai*in his hand, P. of potters.
S. Godfrey of Amiens — Bishop — a dead dog at his

side (which swallowed the poison intended for the

saint).
S. Godfrey of Cappenberg — Pi»emonsti»atensian. Dish

with loaves in his hand — carrying ihe model of a

Ciiurch. — P. of llmstadt, and Cappenberg.
S. Godoleva — rope round her neck (with which she

was sti*angled).
S. Goericus or Goery of Metz — Bishop — his eyes

before him (he was blind, and his prayers for the

restoration of his sight were heard.)
S. Gordianus — Roman soldier — Stake and faggot pile

beside him.
S. Gotthard — Bishop — the Virgin Mary appearing

I

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. 35

to liiin — the dead rising from their graves. P. of

HJidesheim.
S. Grata — carrying the head of S. Alexander in a

napkin. P. of Bergamo.
S. Gregory of Armenia — G. — on horseback, a boy

behind him. P. of Armenia.
S. Gregory the Great — Pope and Doctor of the

Church — dove on his shoulder (Paul — or John? —

the deacon saw the Holy Ghost in the form of a dove

on his shoulder). P. of scholars. One of the P. of

Gi'anada, and Petershausen.
S, Gregory the Hermit — witli an ii'on ring round his

body. To be invoked against toothache.
S. Gregory Nazianzen — Bishop and Doctor of the Church

— a book in his hand.
S. Gregory Thaumaturgus — Bishop — driving devils

out of a temple -- removing a mountain by his prayers.
S. Gregory of Tours — Bishop — pen and scroll in

his hand — near him a fish (witli the liver of which

he healed his fatliei').
S. Grimwald — as Deacon — Halberd. M.
S. Gualfardus — Hermit ~ beside him a stone coffin

(which came down from Heaven to receive his body).

P. of sadlors.
S. Gualterius (see S. Walter).
S. GuARiNus — Cardinal.
S. GuDULE — a lantern in her hand to which a little

demon is clinging (her lantern was re-kindled by

her prayers after the demon had blown it oui). P.

of Brussels.
S GuiBERTus -— Benedictine. ~ P. of Gemblours.
S. GuiDO OR Guy of Anderlecht; called "the poor man of

Anderlecht " — as a peasant — domestic animals

36 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

around him (waiting to be healed). P. of oxen.

S. GuiDO OF Ravenna — Hermit.

S. GuGLiELMus (see Wilham.)

S. GuNTHER — Hermit in a desert — One of the P. of
Bohemia.

S. GuNTRAM — with royal insignia — dividing a trea-
sure among ihe poor.

S. GuTHLAC OR Gl'thlake OF Croyland — Benedictine —
Holding a whip.

H

S. Hedwig, Hedwiges or Avoice — nun — crown and
roval mantle at her side — carrying a picture of the
Virgin Mary and the Infant Saviour — or a model
of a Church — a representation of Christ on the
Cross blessing her — barefoot, caiTying her shoes
in her hand. P. of Poland, Monastery of Lebus, Bam-
berg, Frankfort on Oder. J

S Henry of Bavaria — Impei^ial crown on his head — 1

carrying the model of a Church. P. of Bamberg, 1

Basle. Finland.

S. Henry of Tonores — Abbot — chalice in his hand.

S. Helena — Imperial crown on her head — holding a
lai*ge cross and nails (at her instigation the cross
of Christ was sought and found). P. of Pesaro and
Treves.

S. Hemma — as Queen — three crowns at her feet —
teaching her children to pray.

S. Herculanus — ui the habit of a Benedictine with a
Bishop's mitre. — Swoi'd M. P. of Perugia.

S. Heribert — Bishop — causing it to rain by his pray-
ers — his gi'ave opening to receive his body.

SAINTS AND TITEIR ATTRIBUTES. 37

S. HepvLuinus — Benedictine — baker's implements

about liim.
S, Hermagoras — Bishop — P. oi Aquileja.
S- Herman Joseph — Premonstratensian — near him

Christ with an axe (he appeared to him thus) — as

a boy with an apple which he is offering to the

Virgin Mary
S. Hermas — Bishop — holding a roll of parchment (as

author of the 'Pastor').
S. Hermengild — ro^^al ci'own — axe. M.
S. Hermes — on horseback — casting a devil out of a

woman.
S. Hermioxe — sword. M.
S- Hervacus or Herve — as Hermit — riding on an ass

to which a wolf is bound (the wolf had attempted to

tear the ass).
S, Hesychius — a scourge in his hand — sword. M.
S. HiERONYMus (see Jerome.)
S. HiLARiON — Hei*mit, clothed in skins — pile of faggots.

M. — driving away a dragon with the sign of the

cross.
S. Hilary of Arles — Bishop— over him a dove (which

pointed him out foi^ election as Bishop). P. of Parma.
S. Hilary of Poitiers — Bishop — carrying three books

— a child in a ci'adle at his feet — driving away or

treading on serpents — P. of Poitiers.
S. Hilda — Benedictine nun — snakes and birds beside

her (she prevented them from destroying a cornfield).
S. Hildegard of Bingen — Abbess — holding a book (in

which she wrote her prophecies).
S. Hildegard of France — in royal apparel. P. of the

convent of Kempten.
S. HiLDEGuxD. — usually in man's clothes (which she

38 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES

adopted ill order to travel to the promised land) —
an Angel on horseback beside her (who dehvered
hei* from bein^ hun^ bv the enemv).

S. HiLDULPH OF Treves — Bishop — casting- a devil oat
oi" a boy — holding a bowl in which lie two children.

S. HippoLYTus — AvaiTior — bunch of keys at his girdle —
dragged by hoi\ses. M. — holding a small iron instru-
ment something like a cuiTvcomb. One of the P. of
Cardiagena, and Delft.

S. HippoLYTus OF Porto — Bishop — thrown into a
pond.

S. HoMOBONus (Omobuono) — in the di*ess ofaBui^gher —
beggars and sick people round him — botde near
(he tui*ned water into wine). P. of tailors and shoe-
makers. One of the P. of Lyons and Cremona.

S. Honor ATus of Arles (1) — Bishop — P. of bakers. One
of the P. of Toledo, Pei^pignan, Toulon.

S. Honoratus of Lerins (2; — Abbot — treading on a
dragon.

S. Honorius of Amiens — Bishop — holding a baker's
shovel on which are three loaves.

S. HoRMisDAs — camel near (he had been a camel keeper).

S. Hubert — Huntsman — sometimes as Bishop —
stag near bearing a crucifix l)etween its antlers. P.
of huatmg. To be invoked against mad dogs. P. of
Liege, Jiihch, Augsbui*g.

S. Hugh of Grenoble (1) — Cai*thusian habil, Bishop's

(1) and (2) probably the same. S. Ilonoratiu- -uas abbo( of
Leriiis and afterwards Bishop of Aries

(1) This S. Hugh became Bishop of Lincoln — known in England
as S, Hugh of Lincoln.

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. *J9

mitre, cope, and pastoral staff — three flowers in his
Jiand — swan by his side ^ fteven stars appear to
liim (to announce the coming of S. Bi'uno) — an
angel shielding him I'rom lightning- P. of Grenoble.

S- Hugh of Clugny — Benedictine Abbot — healing the
possessed — Angel shielding him from lighining.
Proiectoi* againsi fever.

S. HuMSERT OF Marolliis — in priesti}' vC'Stments — an
Angel impresses a cross on his forehead — bear
beside hi^m carrying: his bag^a^'e.

S- HuNNA — holding a piece of linen. P. of washer-
w^omea,

S. HuvARus — Al^bot, Wind — frog^s aear (whicli he
silenced).

S. Hyacinth — Bishop and Dominican — carrying the
Pyx containing the Host, and an image of the Blessed
Virgin. (Wken theTaP'tars destroyed Kiew he escaped
ill rough the flames carrying these sacred Iraasui'es).
One of Ihe P. of Poland

I

S. Ida of Ireland — Benedictine nun — crown oftliorns

and the si;igmata.
S. Ida, (Jtta) of Toggenbur.g — Hvun — at lier side a stag

with 12 tapers on his antlei^ (which lighted her dui^

ing her nightly devotions) — raven with a ring in

it-s beak.
S. Ignatius — Bishop — holding a heart on which is

the sacred Monogram (after his death his heart was

found to be thus marked) — lions near him. M.
S. I-GNATius Loyola — Jesuit — The i.H.S. on his breast

or in a glory in his hand, or in the sky. One of the

P. of Biscay.

40 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

S. Ildefonsus or Alphonsus — Bishop or Benedictine —
neai* him the Blessed Virgin rVom whom he receives n
pnestly vestn.eni. One of the P. of Zamora; and
Toledo.

S. Inna — with 2 companions, bound co stakes on melt-

S. Irene - idols at lier feet, horse at her side (on which
she was bound) — ain»o\vs and sword. M. P. of fe-
male servants.

S. Iren.eus — Bishop — pierced by a sword at the foot
of the altar. M.

S. Isabella — with princely insignia — holding the mo-
del of a church.

S. Isidore of Chis — Roman soldier — Sword. M.

S. Isidore of Madrid — Peasant, holding a spade —
Ani^els ploughing the land behind him with white
oxe'i-i. One of the P. of Leon, Madrid, Saragossa. P.
of iiusbandmen.

S. Isidore of Pelusiota (Pelusium) - Doctor of the
Chui'ch, book in his hand.

S. Isidore of Seville— Bishop — holding a book. P. of

Seville.
S Ivo (IvEs, Yves), of Rennes (1) - Priest - roll of papei^
in his hand. P. of jurists and of oi-phans. P. oi
Rennes.

S. Ja (la) — G. Sword. M.

S James the Great, Apostle - Pil-rim, with stafl' an<l
scallop shell - (on horseback in Spanish pic

(1) In legal attire. (Mrs Jameson.)

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. 41

tui'es).— Sword. M. P. of Chemnitz, Coiinbra, the East
Indies, Ehnbeck, Gottingen, Innsbpiick, Lorch, Neisse,
Pisa, Portugal, Spain, Stpaubing, Villach, Wasserburg.

S. James the Less, Apostle — In liis hand the club of
a cloth fuller (with which he was beaten to death).
P. of Dieppe and Friesland.

S. James Allemannus — Dominican — P. of glaziers.

S. James Inteficisus — his limbs being cut off.

S. James de Marchia (of La Mai^ca) — Fi'anciscan —
beaker with snake neai* him (the poison did not
harm him).

S. James of Nisibi — Bishop — women washing neai*
him — awakening a person from a trance.

S. James of Tarentaise — Bishop — beat* drawing a
plough (he compelled a bear to work thus).

S. Januarius — Bishop — small botde in his hand (con-
taining [lis own blood) — Vesuvius in the back
ground (he protected Naples from its eruptions) —
surrounded by wild beasts, fiery furnace near him
(he escaped both uninjured) — bound to a tree — sword.
M. P. of Naples and Sassari. P. of Goldsmiths.

S. Jerome — Cardinal's hat — lion at his side — skull
near, stone in his hand; (emblematic of contempla-
tion and mortification). P. of the schools. P. of Pesaro.

S. Jerome Emilianus. — Chain and balls beside him.

S. Joachim — carrying the Blessed Virgin as a child —
basket of doves beside him.

S. JoDocus (Jodoc, Josse) — crown at his feet — driving
a stick into the ground out of which gushes a
spring of water — small birds round him. P. of field
produce. Protector against conflagrations. P. of Ra-
venspurg.

S. Joanna — Box of sweet odours and censer in her

42 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES

hand — Iamb at her side — the cross in her arms.

S, Joanna (Jeanne Frangoise of Chantal) — in the habit of
the order of the Visitation of S. Mary — holding a
ci'oss, and a heart with the sacred monogram.

S. Joanna (Jean, Joan) of Valois — royal insignia —
holding the Infant Saviour by the hand — carrying
a basket of bread and a cup of wine.

S. John Baptist — Girdle of camels hair — staff terminat-
ing in a cross in his hand — lamb in his arms —
holding a lilv. P. of lambs, also of tailors. To be
invoked against hail and epilepsy. P. of Amiens, the
Bishoprics of Breslau and Cambray. Besangon, Bran-
denburg. Cleve. Diirkheim, East Friesland, Florence,
Frankfurt. Genoa, Ghent, Gouda, Groningen, Guelders,
Herzoirenbusch, Ingolstadt, Leipzig. Lubeck, Luneb-
ur^. Lvons, Malta, Montserrat, Naples, Nordlingen,
Oppeniieim, Parma, Poitiers, Saalfeld, Savoy, Swe-
den, Utrecht, Wesel.
S. John THE Evangelist — in his hand a chalice from
which rises a serpent (as lie was about to swallow
the poison it miraculously issued from the cup m
the form of a serpent) - eagle, as symbol, beside
him. P. of the feet. Protector against epilepsy, poison,
and wounds from burns. P. of Cieve, DiUenburg,
Mecklenburg.
S. John Calybite - Beggar - the book of the Gospel m

his hand.
S John Capistran - Franciscan, red cross on his breast,

standard with the cross in his hand (he bore it in

ihe fi^ht airainst the infidels) - holding 3 nails.
S John Chrysostom - Bishop and Doctor of the Church

with book in his hand - beehive beside him. lobe

invoked against epilepsy.

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. 43

S. John Climacus — carrying a laddei* (liis book was
entitled "Climax oi* the Ladder to Pept'ection").

S. John of the Cross (San Juan de la Cruz). — Cai*-
nnelite — image of the Blessed Virgin in his hand.

S. John Damascene — Bishop and Doctor ot the Ciiurcli

— cai^rying baskets to market — iiolding his ampu-
tated liand (wliich the Blessed Virgin caused to re-
unite with his arm).

S. John of God (San Juan de Dioz) — Capuchin —
wearing a crown of thorns (placed on his head
by the Blessed Virgin) — pomegranate in his hand —
rope about his neck from which hang two jars (in
this way he collected the food for which lie begged) ~
beggars round him — rows of beds ■— hospital in
the background. P. of booksellers. One of the P. of
Granada.

S. John the Almoner fElemosinarius) — purse in his
hand — laid in a grave in which were two dead
Bishops who moved to make room for him.

S. John of England (of Bridlington?) — Augustin — mo-
del of ship in his iiand.

S. John Francis Regis — See S. Francis Regis.

S. John (Juan) Gonzales (or of Sahagun) — Hermit of
the Augustine order -- holding the consecraied wafer

— with his foot on a demon — restoring a drowned
child to life.

S. John de Goto — Jesuit — lance. M.

S. John Gualbertus — Vallombrosian — holding a cross

— or a picture of Christ.

S. John de Jannina — carrying chains and sword. M.
S. John de Leon, called bonus cocus — Monk — book

before him — cooking utensils round him.
S. John de Matha — chained slave at his side (he was

41 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

the founder of the order of the Holy Ti-inity for the
redemption of captive?) - broken chain in his liand.

S John Nepomuck - Priest - Bridge and stream (into
Avhich he was thrown) — above his head five stars
in the form of a crown (which hovered over the
spot in the river where his body lay) - Finger on
his lips. P. of Bohemia. P. of silence and agamst
slander. P. of bridges.

S. John of Re.magen - Benedictine Abbot - drivmg a
basilisk out of a well. .

S. John of Rheims - Benedictine - holding a chained

S. Jo^n'the Silent (Silentiarius) - Bishop - finger on

his lips. , • 1 •

S. John StylitX - (of Egypt?) - Hom^ glass m his
hand — pillars beside him.

S. John Thaumaturgus - Bishop - casting out devils.

S. John ab Urtica - Hermit - stinging neldes at his
^ide (from the name of the town Uriica.)

S. John Zorroza - Order of our Lady of Mercy (La
Merced) — stone on his head. M.

S John & S. Paul — Roman soldiers — Swords. M.

S. Jonas & S. Barachisius - squeezed in a wooden
press. M.

S. JosAPHAT — see S. Barlaam.

S. JosAPHAT — Bishop — axe in his head. M.

S Joseph - Lilv or rod blossoming into lily in his hand
(amon- those who sought S. Mary in marriage the
rod of^S. Joseph was the only one that bore flow-
ers) - leading or carrying the Infant Saviour - sur-
rounded bv carpenters tools. P. of carpenters and
wheelwrights. P. of Westphalia and Boulogne.
S. Joseph Barsabas - holding a cup of poison.

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. 45

S. Joseph of Casalaxz or Calasanctius — Priest —
children round Lim.

S. JucuNDA — Cpown on head, palm in hand. One of the
P. of Alcala.

S. Judas, Jude, Thaddeus, the Apostle — club. M. — cai'-
r\ing an inverted cross. P. of Goslar.

S. Judicael, or Juel — royal insignia at his feet — en-
gaged in cooking (which he did out of humilit}).

S. Julia — Ci*oss — M. P. of Bergamo.

S. Juliana of Liege — Abbess — nearly full moon overhead
(a vision she saw in which originated the Festival
oi* Corpus Christi).

S. Juliana of Nicomedia — leading the devil, bound; (he,
in the fomxi of an angel attempted to seduce her).
Sword. M. One of the P. of Bupgos.

S. Julian of Ancyra — Redhot helmet — M.

S. Julian of Antioch &. S. Basilissa (1) — Sword. M. —
idols overthrown ne.'.p tliein.

S. Julian of Cilicia — Youth — sack full of serpents be-
side him, (in which iie was thrown inco tlie sea) P.
of Rimini, Macerata, Cuenca, Ath.

S. Julian Emesenus — G. — Nail in his head. M.

S. Julian Hospitator — Youth ov Hermit, stag at his
side (which warned him of his fate) — ferrying
travellers over a stream, or a boat in the back-ground.
P. of travellers, landlords, wandering minstrels, and
shepherds.

S. Julitta — Oxen beside her — Sword. M.

(1) Mrs Jameson assigns S. Basilissa to S. Julian Hospitator —
Alban Butler accts. for the above error by saving the abbrevation
Antio for Antinous was taken to stand for Antioch.

46 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES

S. Jlst.v and S Rufina — Eamhenwai'e vessels at their

side — (ihey were potters) P. of Seville.
S. Jl-stin Martyr — Sword. M. One of the P. of An-

leqiiei'a.
S. Jlstina of Antioch — Sword. M. Unicorn (the em-

l)Iem of chastity) at her feet.
S. Jlstina of Padua — her bosom pierced by a sword.

M. P. of Padua. Piacenza, Venice.
S. Justus — dmwned. with pieces of lead round his neck.

P. of Triest, Volterra, Toledo, Alcala Langres. Xai*-

bonne. P. of slaves, Pi'otectoi* of the Earth.
S. Justus c^ S. Pastor — Children — swords in theii*

hands. M. — the impression of their knees left in

the stone where tliey knelt for execution.
S. JuTTA — Xun — glowing tripod in iier hand (whii'di

sh-3 carried unscathed).
S. Juvenal — Bishop — sword between his teeth (which

lie thus held fast when he was to have been put

to death).

K

S. Kentigerx — Benedictine — ploughing with a stag
and a wolf — holding a salmon with a ring in its
gills.

S. KiLiAN — Bishop — sword or dagger. M. P. of Fran-
ken, Wiirzburg, Corbacb.

S. KuNiGUNDA — Imperial crown on her head — plough
shares at her side (to prove her innocence she
w^alked over redhot ploughshares unhurt) — a church
in her hand. P. of Bamberg.

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. 47

S. Ladislaus — King — axe in his hand — his body
drawn in a carriage without liorses. P. of Hungary
and Lirhuania.

S. Laetus (Lie) — Boy carrying his own head. P. of
weavers. P. of Provins.

S. Laevinus (Livin, Lievens,) — Bishop — holding a pair
of tongs in which is his tongue. P. of Ghent.

S. Lambert — Bishop — arrow or lance. M — extinguish-
ing a conflagration by his prayers. P. of peasants.
P. of Liege, Girona, Freysingen, Liineburg, Miinster,
Oklenburg, Freiburg.

S. Landolin — Benedictine — weapons beside him (he
was previously a robber) — spring of water rising
near hiui.

S. Lan'drada. -— Bf^nedictine abbess — stone mason's tools
round her (she worked with them during the build-
ing of the convent) — bear with cubs at her side.

S. Laxfranc — Benedictine and wearing a mitre — car-
rying a Monstrance, the devil at his feet (on account
of the di'=ipute with Berengar) — holding a book as
Doctor of the Church.

S. Laurence — Gridiron beside him. M. — P. of the back
and shoulders. To be invoked against pains in the
back. P. of Nuremberg, Merseburg, Wismar, Mona-
stery of Havelberg, Alkmar, Lorch, Wisloch, Ciiia-
venna, Lugano, Genoa, Escurial, Sweden.

S. Laurence of Ireland (sometimes called of Dublin) —
Bishop — standing on a ship without a crew —
church on the shore (which he vowed he would
build).

48 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES

S. Laurence Justinian — Augustine monk with the in-
signia of a patriarch.

S. Lazarus — Bishop — coffin beside him (in reference
to his being raised from the dead). P. of Auiun and
Mai*seilles.

S. Lazari:s of Constantinople — Monk — P. of artists
(lie painted sacred pictures after his hands \vei*6
burnt).

S. Leander of Seville — Bishop — kneehng before a
picture of the Blessed Virgin.

S. Leo — Pope and Doctor of the Church — dragons
at his side — referring to Attila from whom he
dehvered Italy. P. of Musicians. P. of Bayonne.

S. Leo III — Pope — eyes and tongue cut out. M.

S. Leocadia — Tower at her side (from which she was
hurled) Protectress against pestilence. P. of Toledo.

S. Leodegarius (Leger) of Autun — Bishop — Bradawl
in his hand (with which his eyes were put out), P.
of Lucerne.

S. Leonard — Deacon — chains in his hand. P. of pri-
soners, and smiths. Protector of those about to be-
come mothers.

S. Leontius — Roman soldier — palm beside him, two
angels holding a snake and a bottle.

S. Leopold — Princely insignia, carrying church — in
his hand a banner with the old Austrian arms (fiye
larks). P. of Austria, Carinthia, Styria, the monastery
of Kloster-neuburg (or New Clauterberg) Vienna.

S. Leucius — Bishop — Protector against stitch in the
side.

S. Liberius or Liborius — Bishop — carrying n book on
which lie small stones — near him a peacock's tail
(a peacock went before his relics, leading the way

SAINTS AND 'niEIll ATTRIBUTES. 40

to Paderborn). Protector against dropsy and stone.
P. of Paderborn.

S. LiDwiNA (Lydwid) of Schiedam — Cross in her hand —
angel giving her a spray of roses.

S. Linus — Pope — heahng one possessed. P. of Be-
sangon.

S. LioBA — Benedictine Abbess — water near and a
child swimming, (on account of this child a false
accusation had been made against her.)

S. LoNGiNus — Roman soldier — lance — fit was he who
pierced our Lord's side) — dragon beneath him.
Sword. M. P. of smiths. P. of Mantua.

S. Louis Beltram, or Bertrand — Dominican — Crucifix
in his hand.

S. Louis OF France — Roj'al crown on his head and
sceptre with fleur de lys in his hand, or at his feet —
holding a crown of thorns. P. of hair dressers.

S. Louis OF GoNZAGA (see Aloysius).

S. Louis OF Toulouse — Bishop and Franciscan, three
crowns near (because he belonged to the royal fa-
milies of Naples, Sicily, and Jerusalem) — flower in
his mouth (which grew from it after his death) P.
of Toulouse.

S. LuBENTius — Bishop — raising a dead man around
whom ravens are hovering.

S. LuciA (Lucy) — Sword in her neck, or wound
from which proceed rays of light — carrying her
eyes on a salver — flaming lamp in her hand
(an allusion to her name) Protector against disease
of the eyes. P. of peasants and the poor. P. of
Syracuse.

S. LuciAN OF Beauvais — Priest — lying on potsherds,
with a Chalice on his breast (because while in prison

50 SAINTS AND TFIEIR ATTRIBUTES.

he celebrated the Eucharist using his breast as
altar. (1;. P. of Beauvais.

S. LuciAN OF Samosata — Bishop — stone bound to liis
arm (he was thus cast into the sea) — dolphin bring-
ing his body to the shore.

S. Lucius — Armour, with sceptre and imperial globe
(as the first king converted to Christianity) Sword.
M. P. of the Bishopric of Chur, Grisons, Bavaria.

S. LuDGER — Bishop, reading his breviary (when sum-
moned to the Emperor Charles's presence he first
finisiied his prayers) — swan beside him. P. of Munster
East Friesland, Werden, Deventer, Helmstadt, Lu-
cerne.

S. LuDMiLLA — Royal insignia — holding a veil (with
which she was strangled). P. of Bohemia.

S. LuDOLPH — Bishop — instruments of torture round
him. P. of Ratzeburg.

S. Luke the Evangelist - Ox as symbol - surrounded
by artists implements. P. of Artists.

S. LuLLus - Bishop - holding a book as Doctor of the

Church.
S. LupiciNus - Abbot - a treasure of gold at his side.
S Lupus (Loup) of Troyes — Bishop, cup in his hand in

which lies a jewel (which fell from heaven) P. of

sheep. Protector against ferrets and weasels; and

epilepsy. One of the P. of Cordova, Troyes.
S. Lupus (Leu) of Sens - Bishop - quenching fire by

his prayers.
S. Lutgarde - Cistercian Abbess - crucifix before her

from which the Saviour bends down to her — she

is sometimes represented as blind.

(1) This is told of S. Luciau of Samosata by Aiban Butler.

SAINTS AND TMEIR ATIRIBUTES.

M

S. Macario of Alexandria — Hermit — tapers at his

side (betokening his nightly vigils) — touching with

his stall' a skull (which thereupon spoke).
S. Macarius of Rome — Hermit — two lions digging a

grave for him (in which he was ordered to lie as

penance).
S. Macedonius and Theodulus — Roman warriors — burnt

on a gridiron.
S. Maclovius (Malo, Maglovire, Machutius) — Bishop —

the Pyx in his hand — restoring a drowned man.

Protector against Consumption. P. oi' S. Malo and

Rouen.
S. Macra — Tongs for tearing off the breasts. M.
S. Macrina — Basilican nun — two stags beside her.
S. Macrobius. G. -— faggot pile or sword. M.
S. Magnus (Mang) — Benedictine — surrounded by wild

animals (he banished them). P. of Kempten and

Augsburg. Protector against caterpillars.
S. Mammas — a Boy •— Trident in his hand.
S. Manuel — Bishop — sword in his breast M.
S. Maranna — G. praying with veiled face — chain

round her body.
S. Marcella — Club and scourge. M. P. of Slavonia.
S. Marcellus — Pope — ass and manger near him —

(he was forced to work in a stable).
S. Marcellus of Chalons — witli half his body buried

in the ground, M. P. of Chalons sur Saone.
S. Marcellus of Paris — Bishop — dragon behind him —

changing water into wine.
S. Marciana — Surrounded by lions and leopards. M.

One ©f the P. of Tortosa.

52 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES

S. Marculph — Benedictine abbot — bread in his hand
repelHng the devil in the form of a wonnan. Protector
against cpoup.

S. Margaret — One of the 14 Helpers-in-need —crown on
her head — chained dragon at her leQt. P. of women
in cliildbirtii. P. of Cremona.

S. Margaret of Cortona — P^ranciscan nun, cross and
the instruments of Christ's Passion in lier hand —
dog at lier side (which was instrumental in her
conversion).

S. Margaret of Scotland — Royal insignia — holding a
black cross — visiting the sick.

S. Marina — As a recluse in the habit of a monk —
child in her arms (den\ ing her sex, she entered a
a monaster^^ and bore the charge of unchastity without
exculpating herself).

S. Marinus — Hermit — holding mason's tools. P. of
stone masons. P of San Marino.

S. Marinus the Bishop — Pile of faggots behind him. M.
— bound to two bent trees.

S. Marius, or Mauriac — Hermit — cock near him
(which stood over his corpse).

S. Marius of Rome — Hung by his hands to a stake.

S. Martha — Dragon at her feet — pot of holy water
and asperge in her hand (she overcame a dragon
by sprinkling him with holy water) cooking utensils
in her hands — keys at her girdle. P. of house
wives and cooks. P. of Aix and Tarascon.

S. Martial — Bishop — raising the dead — extinguish-
ing a fire with his pastoral staff. P. of Aquitaine.

S. Martin the Hermit — Hermit, chained to a rock.

S. Martin the Pope — Sword. — M.

S. Martin of Tours — On Jiorseback, dividing his cloak

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. 53

with his sword — or as Bishop — goose at his side
frefereDce to his election as Bishop) P. of penitent
drunkards and gluttons. Protector against sm^dlpox.
P. of Altorff, Amberg, Berg, Biberach, Braga, Cassel,
Cleves, Colmar, Ensisheim, Ettlingen, France, Guel-
ders, Groningen, Grafschaft Horn, Hall, Heiligenstadt,
Hungary, Idstein, Landshut, Leutkirch, Lucca, Mainz,
Memmingen, Nienburg, Salzburg, Schwartzburg,
Schwytz, Tours, Tournay, Unterwalden, Utrecht, Uri,
Wangen, Werden, Worms.

S. Martina — The burning faggot pile on which she
was to be laid, extinguished by rain — tongs, fork,
and axe. M. — near her the temple of Diana destroyed
by lightning.

S. Martinianus — Hermit — dragon beside him — upon
a rock in the sea (whither he fled to escape temp-
tation.)

S. Mary Gleopas — Surrounded by her four sons —
S. Jude distinguished by a boat, S. Simon by a fish,
S. James the Less b}^ a fulling mill, S. Joseph Bar-
sabas by a cup.

S. Mary of Egypt — Covered only by her long hair —
holding three small loaves — buried by S. Zosimus
with the aid of a lion.

S. Mary Magdalen — Box of ointment in her hand —
Skull near. P. of penitents. P. of Marseilles and
Tarascon.

S. Mary Magdalen of Pazzi — Carmelite nun — flaming
heart and crown of thorns in her hand — marked
with the Stigmata.

S. Mary of Oignies — Augustine nun — P. of women
about to become mothers.

S. Mary Salome — Box of ointment in her hand — ge-

54 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

nerally represented with Mary Magdalen and Mai'v
Cleopas at the foot of the Cross.
S. Mary Vilani — Dominican nun — Angel wounding

her heart with an arrow.
S. Maternus — Bishop — carrying Church with three
towers (i.^ecause the cathedi^als of Treves, Cologne
and Utrecht were founded by him) wearing one
mitre and holding two. P. of vines. One of the Pa-
trons of Treves, Tongres.
S. Mathurinus of Nantes — Priest — healing the possess-
ed. P. of schools. Protector against insanit\'.
S. Matilda — Royal insignia — scourge in her hand.
S. Matilde — (See S. Mechtildis).

S. Matthew the Evangelist — Angel as symbol —
purse in his hand (referring to his former vocation) —
holding a square — lance, axe, or halberd, M.
S. Matthl\s the Apostle — Axe, or spear. M — less

frequently a stone in his hand.
S. Maura •— Crucifix befoi^e her (from which she heard

a sigh) — Sword in her heart. P. of nurses.
S. Maurelius — Bishop — Sword. M. Protector against

drought. P. of Ferrara and Imola.
S. Maurice — Warrior in complete armour, red cross
on his breast, holding banner. P. of Angers, Coburg,
Goslar, Halle, Lauenburg, Magdeburg, Mantua, Nan-
terre. Savoy, Sardinia, Vienna, Wiesbaden. Protector
against gout.
S. M.^uRiLius — Bishop — beside him a fish holding in

its mouth the keys of the Church. P. of Angers.
S. Maur — Benedictine with a Bishop's staff — walking
on the water (to save S. Placidus). Protector against
cold in the head. P. of Badajos and Valencia.
S. Maximian and his companions the Seven Sleepers —

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. OD

generally represented lying side by side in one grave —
Their several attributes are: S. Maximian, S. John
and S. Constantine a club; S. Malchus and S. Marcian
axes; S. Serapion, a torch ; S. Dionysius (Danesius) a
large nail. In the Greek Church they are called:
Maximilianus, lamblichus, Martin, Johannes, Diony-
sios, Exacusrades, Antonin.

S. Maximilian of Lorch — Bishop — palm and sword. M.

S. Maximin of Treves — Bishop — a radiant sun on his
breast (with this token he appeared to some ship-
wrecked sailor?) — bear at his side. P. of Aix.

S. Maximus of Nola — Thornbush, on which grapes
are growing, beside him. (in the desert he was thus
refreshed). One of the P. of Saragossa.

S. Maximus of Salzburg -— Bishop — rope. M. P. of
Passau and Mainz.

S. Maximus of Turin — Doe beside him (by which he
was suckled).

S. Mechtildis (Matilda) Benedictine Abbess. — healing
a blind nun.

S. Medard — Bishop — distributing alms — impressing
his foot prints on a stone — three white doves above
him (which flew out of his gr^tve) — eagle spread-
ing his wings over him. P. of Judoigne, Noyon
Tournay.

S. Meinhard (Meinrad) — Benedictine — two ravens by
his side (because his murderers were pursued by
two ravens). P. of Einsiedeln.

S. Meinulphus — Deacon — P. of Paderborn.

S. Melania of Rome — G. — Nan, praying.

S. Melanius of Rennes — Bishop — casting out devils —
a ship, on whicli is his dead body, floatmg against
the stream.

5u mS and their attributes.

S. Melitina — Idol overthrown beside her — Sword. M.
S. Methodius (1) — Patriarch — sacred pictures round

him (which he saved from destruction.)
S. MiLBURGis — Abbess — wild geese rising near her.
S. MiNiATus OR MiNiAS — Armenian prince — with a

Greek cross in his hand — two javelins. M. — lily.
S. Monica (mother of S. Augustine) in black nun's habit

— cross in her hand.
S. Moses Ethiops — Negro — standing beside a well —

Knife (with which he was stabbed).

N

S. Narcissus — Bishop — water pitchers near him —•
Sword. M. — angels carry his soul to heaven. One
of the of P. of Cordova, Seville, Girona.

S. Natalia — (generally represented with S. Adrian) —
Lion beside her. One of the P. of Lisbon.

S. Nathaniel — Hermit — holding the crucifix towards
the devil, in the shape of a young peasant.

S. Nazarius and S. Celsus — Armour — idols fallen
down in their presence — walking on the water —
sword. M. P. of Milan, Beziers, Carcasonne, Lorch.

S. Nemesius (Nemesion) Burnt with two I'obbers.

S. Nemesl\nus (see S. Potianus).

S. Nereus and Achilleus — Roman youths — sword. M.

S. Nerses — especially reverenced in the Armenian
Church — Sword. ^M.

(1) Generally with S. Cyril who is represented as a philosopher
hukling a book. S. Methodius as a painter holding a picture on
Avhi"h is pourtrayed th? Last J,udgraent. (see Mrs. Janaeson Sacred
and Legendary Art).

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. 57

S, Nestor — Bishop — Cross. M.

S. NicASius — Bishop — holding the upper half of his
head wiMi a mitre on it.

S. NiCASius (1) (Nicaise) of Rheims — Bishop — sword
M. — without the upper part of his hea<l. Protector
against mice. P. of Rouen.

S. NicETAS — G. — faggot pile. M.

S. NiCETius OF Treves — Bishop — intercepting a flash
of hghtning which was about to strike the town.

S. Nicholas of Bari or Myra — Carrying three children
in a font (he restored them to life) — as Bishop,
carrying a church — a book, on whicli are three
balls, or three loaves, in his hand — or three purses
— anchor at his side. P. of water, fishermen, brewers,
sailors, merchants, travellers, schoolchildren. Pro-
tector against thieves. P. of Amsierdam, Bari, Berlin,
Calcar, Enghien, Feldkirch, Fribourg in Switzerland,
Greece, Greifswalde, Laybach, Lithuania, Meran,
Moscow, Stendal, Stralsund, Venice, "^Znaym.

S. Nicholas von der Fluhe — Hermit — thornbush near
(into which the devil threw him).

S. Nicholas of Tolentino — Augustine monk — dish
with money — or loaves of bread in his hand —
angels singing with him — star over him or on his
breast — lil}^, or crucifix wreathed with lilies in his
hand. P. of bread.

S. Nicomedes — Priest — thorny club. M.

S. NiLus — Monk (black habit) holding a lamp (because

(1) Mrs Jameson says: A picrure by Jan Schoreel represents S.
Nicasius of Rheims in liis e[)iscupal robes, Avithout the upper part
of his head which, wi'.h the mitre on it. he carries in his hand.

58 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

be healed an epileptic boy with oil from the aUar
lamp).

S. NoRBERT — Bishop and Premonstratensian — in bis
band a Chalice in which is a spider (he drank the
contents of the sacred vessel into which a venomous
insect had fallen) — the devil at bis feet. P. of Bo-
hemia.

S. NoTKER Balbulus — Benedictinc — Book in his hand
the devil as a dog beside him.

S. NoTTBURGA — Pcasant woman — carrying bread and
a sickle — surrounded by nine children (whom she
bore at one time and baptized miraculously). P. o!
women about to become mothers.

O

S. Oda — Princely insignia — bird sitting on her hand.
S. Odilo (Olon) -^ Benedictine with pastoral staff — near

him an abyss whence fly white doves (because he

instituted the festival of All Soulsj — holding two

cups.
S. Olaus (Olaf) — Royal robes — dagger in his hand

(with which he was assassinated). P. of Norway,

Reval.
S. Olive — Palm and olive branch — at her feet an

axe. M.
S. O.MER (Andomarus) — Bishop — P. of Terouanne and

S. Omer.
S. O.MOBuoNO (see Homobonus).
S. Onofrio — Hermit clad in leaves — naked with an

apron of ivy leaves — gold and silver coins lying

on the ground.

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. 59

S. Opportuna — Abbess — rescuing a man from the

water.
S. Optatus — Bishop — holding a book (as author of

ecclesiastical works).
S. Orcas (Ozias) — Holding a bird with its head turned

backwards.
S. Orestes of Tyana — Bound to the tail of a horse —

burnt on a gridiron.
S. Oswald — Royal crown — holding large cross — on

his hand a raven holding a ring in its beak —

overhead the Holy Ghost as a dove. P. of Berg,

Diirren, Zng.
S, OswiN — King — spear and sceptre.
S. OsYTH (see Sitha).
S. Othmarus — Abbot — small cask of wine near (which

was always miraculously replenished).
S. Otho of Ariano — Hermit ■— hut near on the roof of

wliich sits a falcon (the bird having perched there

could not be driven away). One of the P. of Coimbra.
S. Ottilia ("Odilia) — Abbess — carrying her eyes on a

book. Protector of the head and especially of the

eyes (she was born blind and received sight at her

baptism). P of Montbelliard, Strasburg.
S. Otto — Bishop — forging nails out of arrows.
S. Otto (Odo) of Clugny — Benedictine — attacked by

wild beasts.

S. Pachomius — Hermit — angel bringing him the rule

of the order.
S. Pacian of Barcelona — Bishop — nail in his hand.
S. Pamphilius — Razor. M.

60 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

S. Pancras of Rome — Youth, richl}' dressed — lance
and shield — sword. M. Protector against perjury.
P. of Bergen, Schwetzingen.

S. Pancras of Taormixa — Bishop — carrying stones.

S. Pantaleon — One of tlie the 14 Helpers-in-need —
bound to palm or olive tree — sometimes his hands
over his head and a nail driven througli them into
the tree — with the badge of a physician, in a long
robe — sword. M. P. of physicians. Protector
against consumption.

S. Paphnutius the Martyr — G. — nailed to a palm
tree.

S. Paphnutius of Thebes — Bishop — fetching stones —
one of his eyes torn out — the sinews of his leg cut.

S. Parthemus — Bishop — Killing a mad dog by the sign
of the cross.

S. Paschalis — Pope — holding Church — Monk — triple
cross in his hand.

S. Paschal Baylon — Franciscan — chain round his
body — a monstrance or pyx in a vision before him.

S. Paternus (Patier, Pair, Foix) — Putting his hand
into boihng water — snakes, from whose bite he
recovered, near him.

S. Patrick — Bishop or Missionary — staff, and the
book of the Gospels — snakes at his feet (he banished
all venomous beasts out of Ireland). P. of Ireland.

S. Patroclus — Hermit — standing on a column, angel
at his side (pointing out the pomps and vanities of
the world) — keeping a flock of sheep.

S. Paul the Apostle — Sword. M. — P. of Berlin,
Frankfurt, Jacca, the diocese of Miinster, Osnabruck,
Paderborn, Rome, Saragossa, Valladolid. Protector
against hail.

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES Gl

S. Paul of Constantinople — Bishop, liis stole in his
hand (he was strangled with it).

S. Paul the Hermit (of Thebes) — Clothed with bark
or leaves — fed by a raven.

S. Paul of Leon — Bishop — leading a dragon by his
stole.

S. Paul of Verdun — Bishop — changing burning coals
into bread.

S. Paula Barbata — With a long beard which grew
when she prayed for it to protect her from insult.

S. Paulina — Crown in iier hand — buried up to her
shoulders.

S. Paulinus of Nola — Bishop or Hermit — as gardener,
spade in his hand. One of the P. of Regensburg.

S. Pelagia of Antioch — Kneeling — jewels beside her —
throwing herself out of window to escape insult
from the soldiers.

S. Pelagia mi.ma or meretrix — Anchorite — standing
in a font (in which she was baptized, confirmed, and
received the Blessed Sacrament at one time).

S. Pelagia of Tarsus — Burnt in a furnace. M.

S. Pelagius of Cordova — Sword in his left hand, the
right cut o:r — red hot tongs, M. P. of horned ani-
mals. P. of Constance; one of the P. of Leon.

S. Perpetua — Ox or lion near.

S. Peter the Apostle — Keys in his hand — inverted
cross. M. P. of Angouleme, Baden, Bavaria, Beau-
vais, Bologna, Brabant, Bremen, Caen, Diocese of
Cologne, Chartres, Dorpat, Douay, Fritzlar. Geneva,
Hamburg, Heidelberg, Leyden, Lille, Lisieux, Louvain,
Luxemburg, Lucca, Maestricht, Minden, Montpellier,
Munich, Miinster, Nancy, Nantes, Diocese of Osna-
bruck, Ostend, Orvieto, Ratisbon, Rennes, Rome,

62 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

• '

Schleswig, Seligenstadt, Troyes, Turnhout, Treves,
Weissenburg, Worms.

S. Peter of Alcantara — Franciscan, cross before hiai
or in his arnrAS — walicing on the sea — star above
him — scourge and other instruments of penance —
dove at his ear.

S, Peter of Antioch — Bishop — the Infant Saviour in
a torn rol)e appearing to him.

S. Peter Celestine — Pope and Celestine monk — dove
at his ear — demons round him.

S. Peter Chrysologus — Bishop ~ ass beside him
(which he restored to hfe).

S. Peter Damian — Hermit — lying on stones, scourge in
liis hand — cardinal's hat near him. P. of Fayence.

S. Peter Exorcista and S. Marcellinus — Priests '• —
baptizing a convert.

S. Peter Gonzales (called also S. Telm or S. Elmus) —
Dominican — lying over a fire on his cloak. Protec-
tor of mariners.

S. Peter Martyr — Dominican — Sword struck into
his head. M. — writing the word credo on the
ground.

S. Peter Nolasco — Order of our Lady of Mercy (la
Merced) shield on his breast — angels carrying him.

S. Peter Paschalis — Bishop — in chains — sword in
his heart.

S. Peter Thomas — Carmelite — arrow. M.

S. Petronilla (Peruella) — Roman maiden — keys and
broom in her hand. P. of mountain travellers. Pro-
tectress against fever.

S. Petronius — Bishop — carrying a model of Bologna
with the two leaning tower^^. One of the P. of Bo-
logna.

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. 6i)

S. Philaretus — Peasant — harnessed with an ox to
a ploagh (he worked thus to assist his neigh-
bours).

S. Philemon and S. Apollonius — Swords. M.

S. Philibert — Abbot — horse or ass beside him — cahn-
ing a storm.

S. Philip the Apostle — Cross. M. P. of Brabant, Lux-
emburg, Sicily, Speyer.

S. Philip Benitius (Beniti, Benozzi), — Servite — holding
skull and lily — giving his shirt to a leper — healing
a possessed woman — embracing the cross (he
died thus).

S. Philip the Deacon — Baptizing the Ethiopian.

S. Philip Neri — Oratorian — Angels holding a flaming
heaiH.

S. Philomena (Filomena) — Lily — javelin. M.

S. Philomenes — Hands and feet pierced with nails --
soldier compelling him to walk.

S. Phocas of Antioch — Surrounded by snakes — To be
invoked against the bite of venomous creatures.

S. Phocas of Sinope — G. — Gardener, spade in his
hand — Sword. M. P. of sailors and gardeners.

S. PiRMiNus — Bishop — snakes retreating (which he
banished) — spring of water rising at his bidding.
P. of Reichenau.

S. Pius — Pope — Sword. M.

S. Placidus — Benedictine — pointing to his tongue
which has been torn out — sometimes carrying his
head. P. of Messina.

S. PoLYCARP — Bishop — faggot pile and flames. M.

S. PoNTiANus — in a pit amongst lions.

S. Poppo OF Stablo or Stavelo — Abbot — recalling
to life a man who had been killed by a wolf.

64 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

S. PoRCHARius OF Lerins — Abbot — palm — driving

birds out of a cornfield.
S. PoRPHYRius OF Magnesia — G. — Swoi'd. M.
S. PoRPHYRius Mima — Treading a mask beneath his

feet — - Sword. M.
S. PoRTiANus — Benedictine — holding a broken pitcher

from which creeps a snake.
S. PossiDONius —- Bishop — overturned idols at his feet.

P. of Mirandola.
S. PoTEMiA (Potamiana) and S. Marcella (1) — Bound

to one stake on the faggot pile. M.
S. PoTENTiANA OF ViLLANovA — Wcavers tools — giviug

alms.
S. PoRTiANus (Potianus) and S. Nemisianus — Workers

in marble.
S. Praxedes and S. Prudextia (Pudentiana, Potentienne) —

Carrying the blood of martyrs in cups.
S. Prisca (Priscilla) — two lions at her side (which

spared her) — Sword. M. eagle (which w^atched by

her body till it w^as laid in the grave;.
S. Processus and S. Martini an — Scourged with scorpions

— Sword. M.
S. pROcopius OF Bohemia — Hermit — crown beside him

(which he resigned) — stag near him (which took

refuge with him.)
S. Proculus — Roman warrior — axe —with his head

in his hand — One of the P. of Bologna.
S. Prosper ~ Bishop — P. of Ferrara, Reggio.
S. Pulcheria — Empress — sceptre and hly.

(1) S. Basilides is generally with them.

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. 65

a

S. QuADRATus — Bishop — Sword M.

S. (The) "QuATTRO Coronati" (The Four Crowned Bro-
thers') — generally distinguished by the names:
Severus, Severianus, Carpophorus, Victorinus —
according to other accounts there are five : (1) Clau-
dius, Nicostratus, Symphorian, Castorius, Simplicius
— with crowns on their heads — holding stonema-
son's and sculptor's tools.

S. QuiNTiN — Roman warrior — broken wheel beside
him — spit (on which he was impaled) — sword
M. Protector against cough.

S. QuiRiACus — Bishop — carrying his severed hand.

S. QuiRicus (S. Cyr) — Sitting on a wild boar.

S. QuiRiNus OF Rome — Roman warrior — dragged by
horses — hawk near (to which his tongue was thrown
after having been torn out). Protector against gout
and cough. P. of the legs. P. of Coreggio, Neuss.

S. QuiRiNus OF SissEx (iu Hungary) — Bishop — mill-
stones near (he was thrown into the sea bound to
one). One of the P. of Austria.

R

S. Rabanus — Bishop — book in his hand.
S. Radegunda or Radiana — Abbess — crown at her
feet — two wolves beside her (wild animals were

(1) These may be the live martyrs • I cinque Martiri" who are
honoured in the samp place and on the same day.

66 SAIXTS AND THEIR ATTPIBUTES.

obedient to her) — kneeling at her feet a captive
whose broken fetters she hohls. P. of Salzburg,
Poitiers, one of the P. of Bui'gos.

S. Raixaldus of Nocera — Bishop — P. of Nocera.

S. Raixerius (Raniei'i, Regniei*) — Hermit — bull at his
side (fi'om the attack of which he was miraculously
saved). P. of P.sa.

S. Raymoxd Noxxatls or Ramon — Redemptorist —
padlock 01* red hot spike through his lips — sur-
rounded by negroes to whom he preached. P. of
midwives.

S. Raymoxd of Pexxaforte — Dominican — floating on
the sea on his cloak; or in a boat with his cloak spi*ead
as a sail fhe was thus saved tVom shipwreck). One of
the P.of Toledo.

S. Regixa (Reine) — Iron hook and torches in her hand —
Sword. M. sheep beside her.

S. Regula — carrying her head in her hand. P. of Zurich.

S. Regulus or Rieul — Bishop — frogs beside him
(which he silenced). P. of Lucca, Senlis.

S. Reixoldus — Monk, or in armour — hammer in his
hand (with which his skull was broken). P. of
stonemason?^. P. of Dortmund.

S. Remadus — Well at his side from which glides a
snake. P. of Tongern.

S. Rembert — Bishop — bi^eaking in pieces the sacred
vessels in order lo provide for the poor.

S. Remigius or Rkmi — Bishop — dove with an oil flask
over him (the anointing box of the kings of France).
P. of Rheims. S. Remi.

S. Reparata — Ci^own — book — white banner with red
P^i^oss — palm. M. Formerly P. of Florence. Some-
times represented with S. Ansano the P. of Siena.

SAINIS AND TflFJR ATTIUBUTES. 07

S. Restituta — Standing in a burning ship — M. some-
times with an angel.

S. Richard — Royal insignia — Palmer — with his two
children S. Willebald and S. Winnebald on a pilgrim-
age.

S. RicHARDis — Holding red hot iron.

S. Robert of Arbrissel — Order of Fontevrand (which
he tounded) — wearing a coat of mail on his naked
body.

S. Robert of Molesme — Cistercian — (he founded
the Order).

S. RocH — Pilgrims staff — beside him a dog carrying
a loaf in his mouth ("he was thus fed) — pointing to
a plague spot on his thigh. P. of surgeons. P. of the
knee, and protector against the plague and itch. P.
of Montpellier.

S. RoMAXA — The Holy Ghost as a dove over her.

S. RoMANus the Martyr — Sword. M. Protector against
insanity and possession. P. of Moscow.

S. RoMANus (Rumain) of Rouen — Bishoi) — throwing
his scapular round the neck of a large snake (1) —
standing by a river, the cross in his hand (thus he
checked the ovcpflow of the Seine) P. of Paris,
Rouen. Protector against drowning.

S. RoMUALDo — Camaldolensian — with a crutch —
pointing out to his monks a heavenly ladder on which
angels are ascending and descending.

S. Rosa of Lima — Dominican nun — thorny crown on
her head — rose in her hand. P. of America.

(1) Or Di'a;^on "La Garo^ouilL-;" originally meant to represent
synibolicallv ilie devil overcome bv Clirist. Mrs. Jameson.

C8 SAINTS AND TFIEIR ATTRIBUTES.

S. Rosa of Viterbo — Franciscan nun — rose in liei*
hand or in iier apron.

S. Rosalia — Nun — j3ressing a crucifix to her bosom —
wi'eath of roses on her head — in a grotto illuminat-
ed with light from heaven — in a desert place, Angel
scattering roses over her. P. of Sicily and Palermo.

S. RuFus — Bishop — axe. M.

S. RuMOLD (Rumbold, Rombaut) — Bishop — a man lying
near him holding a pickaxe — restoring a drowned
boy. P. of Malines.

S. Rupert (Rudbertus) — Bishop — holding a salt box —
small image of the B. Virgin in his hand. P. of dogs.
P. of Carinthia, Bingen, Diocese of Salzburg.

S. Sabas — Hermit — apple in his hand (the enjo\^ment

of which he resists, as forbidden).
S. Sabas the Martyr — G. — hung b}' his fingers to a

fig tree.
S. Sabina — Restoring with her own blood sight to a

blind child — sword. M.
S. Sabinus — Bishop — overturning a statue of Jupiter

— his hands being cut off. M.
S. Salome — Sitting, with her two children S. James

and S. John a!: her side.
S. SvLVATOR ab Horta — Frauciscau — small tree in

his hand — walking on burning coals — Protector

against fever.
S. Satlrmnls — Bishop — dragged by a bull. M. P. of Na-
varre, Toulouse.
S. ScHOLASTicA — Black Benedictine, with staff of an Ab-

SAINTS AX!) THKIK ATTRIP.UTKS. 69

bess — lily in licr Iiciiid — her soul in tlio lonn <A'
ci (love, ll^'ing towards lieaven (vision seen by bei*
l)rother S. Benedict).

S. Sebai,d — Knight, carrying a church: oi* pilgrini with
a long stall* — two oxen beside him (which di'ew
his coffin to its place of burial) — standing on the
sea on his cloak. P. of Nuremberg.

S. Sebastian — Pierced by arrows. P. of archers. Pro -
tectop against pestilence. P. of Oettingen, S. Seb^.s-
tian, Mannheim, Chiemsee.

S. Secundus — - Hermit — rain-cloud overhead (with the
water of which he was baptized) sword. M. — An-
gels bui*y liim. P. of Asti.

S. Serapuimls a Monte Granario *— Capuchin.

S. Serapia (Seraphia) — Holding sword and llaming
t(ji*ches, M. — hei* two children at her side.

S. Serapion — Hermit — thrown out of widow. M.

S. Serexus — Sword. M. To be invoked for good weather.

S. Sergius — Shoes with spikes through them — Angel
healing his wounds — Sword, M.

S. Servatius— Bishop — eagle fanning him while he sleeps.
To be invoked for success in an undertaking. P. of
Worms, Maastricht, Tongres, Quedlinburg.

Seven Sleepers — see S. Maximian,

S. Severa — Scourge in her hand. M.

S. Severianus — G. — hung up with stones fcistened to
his feet. M.

S. Severinus (The Apostle of Austria) — Bishop — car-
rying a Church — preaching — P. of Bavaria, Cologne.

S. Severus of Avranches — Bishop — a horse at his
side (of which in his youth he had the care and
touching which he worked a miracle).

S. Severus of Ravenna — Bishop — surrounded with

70

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

';;3;;;;;'tools - dove on his shoulder (by ^vhich
he was designated Bishop) P. of hnen and cloth

weavers. , , , ., ,. ^- .

S. SEVF.RUS OF Rome - Nails in head and hand. M. One

of the P. of Barcelona, Vienne, Erlurt.
S. S.ARDUS - Premonsti-atensian Abliot - distributing

S. sit'L (Sativola) - Sickle in l^e^-,h'^"/.-,X"hf„?

- ..atei- beside her - holding her head m her hand^

S S,G.sML-ND - Princely robes - sword m hand. P. of

Cremona.
S. SiLVANLS - Bishop - torn by a hon.
S S.MON THE Apostle - Saw. M. P. of Goslai.
S Smon S.lls - Hermit - blowing bagpipes or soap
'bubbles (to appear as fool) _ laughing children

round him - dying on a heap of In-ushwood.
S Simon Stock - Carmelite - scapular in his hand

;"h^.n him bv the B. Virgin) - shoemakers awl in his

hand (with which he w^as stabbed).
S Simon Stvlites - G. - standing on f column^
S S.MON OP Trent - Child - cross at his side (he ^^as

cruciflftd bv the Jews). P. of children.

S JrER7.; - Bis°ho? - wolf beside him carryh,g a

ZyZL jaws (he compelled the wolf to carry the
, bov back to his mother) P. of Neubui-g.
S. S.M^L.ciL-s - Knight, often on horseback - caiiun,

shield with a lily.
S. SiMPLiccs ..NO S. FAUST.NUS -S.yov6.U^
S. SiRA - Rope in her hand. M. - do„ oy

(which did not attack her).
S. SisiNfs - Bishop - holding a vessel while h.s head

being cut off.

SAINTS AND riIi:iK ATIHIHUTKS. 7J

S. SiTHA OR SiTH — Queen — Keys and rosary in her hanJ.

S. SixTus — Pope — sword. M.

S. Sophia — With her three daughtei's: Faith, Hope, and
Charity — sword. M. her breasts cut oil'.

S. SoPHRONiA — as a Recluse — birds coveiMug hei' body
witli twigs and flowers.

S. Sozox — G. — shoes with spikes.

S. Spiridiox — Bishop — holding spikes for putting out
his e\'es. M. — snakes (which he turned into gold).
P. of Oviedo.

S. Stanislas — Bishop — Sword. M. — his corpse watched
by four eagles. P. of Poland. Schweidnitz.

S. Stanislaus Kostka — Youth in the habit of a Jesuit —
angel at his side — lily.

S. Stephen — Palm, as first martyr — stones in his hand
or robe or on his shoulder or at his feet — three
loaves in his hand. P. of Aix, Auxerre, Bavaria, Bel-
linzona, Bourges, Breisach, Cahors, Carlsruhe, Cha-
lons sur Marne, France, East Friesland, Gandersheini,
Halberstadt, Helmstadt, Leuk, Lindau, Lorraine, Leit-
meritz, Limoges, Metz, Mulhausen in Alsace, Nym-
wegen, Bishopric of Passau, Perlgueux, The Pfalz,
Ratisbon, Speyer, Toul, Toulouse, Vienna.

S. Stephen of Hungary — Hungarian costume — crown
and sceptre.

S. Stephen the Pope — Pyx in his hand — stabbed at
the foot of the altar.

S. Sturninus — Hermit — on a desert island.

S. SuiBERTus — (Swidbert) — Bishop — holding up a
star in both hands. Protector of the throat. P. of
Verde n.

S. SuLPicius OF BouRGEs — Bishop — raising a dead boy.
P. of Diest.

S.\1M> AND THKIK ATTTUl'.rTES

S. Susanna of Romk - Crown on her head - swoiM.

M. P. of Cadiz. . , 1 ^

S. Sylvester - Papal insignia - d.acron wuh three

threads .ound his jaws (thus he bound hn..) - o^

(which bv his pi^ayei's he brought to life again)
S. Symegn -Benedictine - shut up in a narrow ced -

stair bv his side. .^

S. SvM^oNOF Jerl-salem - Bisliop - nailed to a co.s. M.

(see Simon).
S Symphorosa - Burnt in a pitch ketde.
S. Syncletica - Nun - holding distair.

S TvR.sius - Bishop - saci^ed pictures near (the use

of whicii he defended against the Iconoclasts).
S Tati\n — ^Vlld animals about him. M.
g ItuRiNLs - Bishop - tiger and ox at his feet (sym-

bols of the victory over heathenism).
S Tei.esphorus - Pope - club. M.
S Teresa - Carmelite nun - dove near - angel piercing
^ ' her heart with a fire-tipped arrow - flaming heart in
her hand - before her a crucifix set with lour pre-
cious stones (visible only to her),
o jh^jc; _ Penitent - burning her jewels.
S Tmfcl. - Surrounded by wild beasts - pile ol tag-

o-ots M One of the P. of Tarragona.
S. fuKMisTOCLEs - Irou mau-traps beside him.
S Thfobaid - Cobbler-s tools round him (he adopted
™^de from humility). P. of cobblers. P. of Thann.
S. Theodolus or Thfodflus - Bishop - sword in his

SAINTS AND riii:ii; \'i"riJii!L"rF..s. i'A

hand — the devil, holding a large bell, at his feet.

P. of Sion and Wallis.
S. Theodora of Alexandria — In the habit of a monk;

(she concealed her sex and went into a nnonastery).
S. Theodora Augusta — Empress — holding a target

with a cross on it.
S. Theodore of Heraci.ea — Roman warrior — often

on horseback — sword. M. dragons near (which

he overcame) P. of Venice, Ferrara, Montserrat,

Saragossa, P. (tf the aii*.
S. Theodore Tyro — Toi'cli in his hand (with which he set

fire to a heathen temple) — crown of thorns on his

head — faggot pile near. M. Protector against tem-
pestuous winds.
S. Theodosia — Stones in her hand — thrown into the

water. M.
S. Theodosius — Hermit — bags of money at his side

(he refused to be led away by bribes from the

Emperor Anastasius) — irons round his arms and

neck.
S. Theodota — G. — fiery furnace. M.
S. Theodotus — Torches and sword. M. P. of innkeepers.
S. Theodula — Fastened with nails through her feet to

a cypress tree.
S. TiiEODULus Stylites — Hermit — standing on a column.
S. Theodulph of Rheims — Abbot — P. of domestic

animals.
S. Theonestus and S. Alban — Bishops — sword. M.
S. Theophaxa — Insignia of an Empress.
S. Theophh.us — Priest — his tongue cut out — stoned. M.
S. Theotonius — Augustin monk.
S. Thomas the Apostle — square in his hand — lance,

M. p. of Portugal, the East Indies, Riga.

74 SAINTS AND THEIH ATTRIBUTES.

S. Thomas Aquinas — holding a Pyx (he compiled the

office for Corpus Christ! as used in the Roman

Catholic Chupch) — the Holy Ghost in the form of

a dove near his mouth or ear.
S. Thomas a Becket — Bishop — sword stuck into his

head. P. of Canterbury.
S. Thomas of Villanova — Bishop and Augustin — purse

in his hand — surrounded b}- beggars.
S. Thuthael — G. — sawn in pieces on the cross.
S. TiBURTius — Roman soldier — walking on hot coals.
S. Timothy — Scourge in his hand — club and stones. M.
S. Timothy & S. Maura — Faggot pile. M.
S. Titus — Bright light upon his face (before iiis death

his IVacc shone \vith a bright radiance).
S. ToMASo — Cainaldolensian — carrying a water pot

(he changed water into wine) P. of Urbino, Parma.
S. ToRPfe (Torpet, Tropes) Roman warrior — in his hand

a white banner with red cross — sw^ord. M. — on

a cross, burnt with torches. One of the P. of Pisa.
S. Trophimus — G. — carrying his own eyes — sword.

M. one of the P. of Aries.
S. Trutpertus — Hermit — axe at his side. M.
S. Tryphena ~ Bull beside her. M.
S. Tryphon — G. — sickle in his hand. P. of gardeners.
S. TuGWALDus (Tugal) — Abbot— P. of Treguiei% Laval,

Chateau Landon.

U

S. UuALDus — Bishop — repelling a storming party with

a crucifix. P. of Gubbio.
S. Ulmar (Wulmar) — Abbot — in hollow tree.
S. Ulrich — Bijlu)]) — :\ f]<\\ near (during a fast ho

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. ID

turned flesh into fish) — Angel giving him a cross.
P. of Augsburg, Neckargemund, Wuinemburg.

S. Urban — Pope — overturning idols — sword* M.

S. Urban of Langres — Vine at his side — P. of viticul-
ture and of gardeners. Protector against bodily weak-
ness. One of the P. of Valencia.

S. UsiciNus OF Ravenna — Priest — carrying his head ;
from the neck spring palm branches. P. of the Bis-
hoprics of Basle and Ravenna.

S. Ursinus of Bourges — Episcopal robes. One of the
P. of Bourges and Lisieux.

S. Ursmarus of Lobbe (Laubes) — Bishop — woman and
demon at his feet.

S. Ursula — Crown on her head — with 11,000 virgins
— arrow in her hand. M. dove beside her (which
pointed out the place where she was buried) —
white banner with red cross. P. of children, P. of
Cologne, Delft.

S. Ursus — Armour with sword and banner. P. of So-
loth urn.

S. Ursus of Cahors — Bishop — mills near him (which
disappeared at his prayer).

S. Utho —• Hermit — chain as a girdle.

S. Valentine of Rome — Priest — sword. M. Protector
against pestilence and epilepsy. P. of the Tyrol.

S. Valentine of Terracina — Bishop — raising a dead boy.

S. Valentius — Scythe. M.

S. Valeria — Candying her head — P. of Aquitaine,
Limoges.

76 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTE^.

S. Valerian of Forli - Roman Knight, — casting out

evil spirits — sword. M. P. of Forli, Terni.
S V^LERi^N- OF Rome — Guardian angel beside him (who
pointed out to him S. Cecilia) - whip. M. Protector
against tempest. One of the P. of Cordova.
S. Va'rus - Roman soldier - flail beside him - iron

hooks and razors. M.
S. Yedast (Waast) - ^Volf with a goose in its jaws
(wiiich he forced to relinquish its prey) P. of Arras.
S. Venantius of Camerino — Armour with a banner —
wall near (from which he was thrown). P. of Ca-
meinno.
S. Venantius of Tofrs - Benedictine Abbot - lion be-
side him — casting out devils.
S. Verdian-a - Vallombrosan nun - serpents feedmg

from her basket.
S. Verena — Crown of thorns on her head — the Viv-

£xin appearing to her on her deathbed.
S. v'eronica - Holding a handkerchief on which is

impressed the portrait of our Lord.
S. Veroni-s — Pilgrim - near him a woman pouring

out water. P. of Mons.
S Victor of Marseu.les - Roman warrior - near him
a broken idol (which he overthrew in the presence
, ,f the Emperor) - millstone and sword. M. Protector
against lightning.
S Victor of Milan - Roman soldier - someumes re-
presented as a Moor - sword. M. - according to
others burnt in an oven. One of the P. of Madrid, Pam-
pelona. Siena, Guntersblum.
S. Victoria - Sword in her heart. M. crown in her
hand - slaying a dragon by her prayers. One of
the P. of Burgos, Toledo.

SAINTS AND THEIR ATrHIBlJTKS. //

S. VicTORiN'js OF Corinth — Armour, with banner and
imperial globe — pounded in a mortar. M.

S. Vincent — Deacon — gridiron set with teeth, iron
hooks and haylbrk. M. — raven beside him (which
guarded his body from beasts and birds of prey) —
on a millstone. Protector against losses of all kinds
(because his body which had been thrown into the
sea came ashore again.) P. of Agen, Badajoz, Bern,
Chalons sur Saone, Leon, Lisbon, Macon, Magde-
burg, Milan, Salzburg, Saragossa.

S. Vincent Ferrer (Fei'reris) — Dominican — holding
aloft the crucifix as preacher — in his hand a sun
with the letters I. H. S. — flame over his head, or
wings on his shoulders — converted Jews and Sa-
racens near him. P. of Valentia.

S. Vincent de Paul — In the habit of a lay brother — a
little child in his arms — sister of charity at his feet
(he founded the order of S, Vincent de Paul — freed
slave beside him.

S. ViRGiLius — Bishop — carrying Church -— casting
out devils. P. of Aries and Salzburg.

S. ViTALiANus — Benedictine — thrown into the sea in
a sack.

S. ViTALis — Armour, with a war club — thrown into
a pit with earth and stones flung on him. Protector
of women in childbirth and of slaves.

S. ViTALis OF Ratisbon — Bencdictine Abbot — carry-
ing a heart from which springs a lily (which grew
out of his grave). One of the P. of Salzburg.

S. Vitus (Veit, Guido, Guy) — child — lion or wolf beside
him — book in his hand on which a bird sits; or a
cock near him — boiled in a caldron of oil. M. P. of
actors and dancers. P. of dogs. Protector against

78 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

too much Sleep and against the nei-vous affocUon
known as S. Vitus's dance. P- of Bohemia, Coi'vey,
Hoxtef, Pi-ague, Saxony, Sicily,

"W

S Walbl-rga (called in France Gaubufge, Falboui-g; in
■ Get-many Waltpat-de, Warpufg) " -^'jl^«^%7, 7;"^"
oil flask in het- hand (a healing oil oil exuded ftom
the fock in ^vhich her body was laid) - tht-ee eat s
or corn in her hand. P. of Antwerp, Eichs adt,
Fames, Groningen, Oudenarde, Weilbufg, Zutphen.
Protectress against mad dogs. , . , ,„ i

S Walstan - Princely insignia - scythe in his hand.

1: 'vtLTa.DE (Vaudru) - Nun - two Uttle girls beside

S WALTER - Bishop - a bird bringing him a fish (he
'vas once fed thus) - ears of corn and grapes in

his hand. , /„,i,,r.h

S. WARENFRiDfs (Werenfrid) - Ship m his hand (which

carried his dead body). Ko,.,iin.r

S. Wendelinu-s - Youth - crown at Ins side - he.d.ng

sheep, dog near. P. of sheep and shepherds. Pio-

lector against epidemic diseases.
S Wenzel (Wenceslaus) - Royal insignia, palm, banne. ,
• and shield on which is a double-headed eagle -

sword. M. P. of Bohemia, Breslau, Hungary, 011-

S. X^^Ka - peasant boy - carrying a pillat-^^o which
he was bound) - gathering grapes, sickle m h s
hand - (said to have been put to death by the Jews

on the Rl>i>«)- ^i p ^f Hersfeld.

S. WisBEaT — Aljbot — swoiu. m- r. u

SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES. 70

S. AViLLiAM OF Aquitaine — Kiiiglit, sword in his hand

— carrying a banner with tliree hhes and three
crescents — Benedictine, armour at his side.

S. William Firmatus — Burning his arm (to resist

temptation) — a raven showing him the way to

the promised land.
S. William of Monte Veroine — Abbot — wolf at his

side (which he compelled to assist him in building

a church). One of the P. of Madrid.
S. W^illiam of Montpellier — Monk — a golden lily

inscribed with the words Ave Maria growing out

of his grave.
S. William of Norwich — Child crucified by the Jews.
S. William of Roeschild — Abbot — a torch kindled

spontaneously on his grave.
S. WiLLiBALD — Bishop — on his breast the Rational'^

with the words Spes, Fides, Carltas. P. of Eic!)^tadt.
S. WiLLiBROD — (the Apostle of the Frieslanders) —

Bishop — carrying a child — blessing a wine cask

— over him the moon (which his mother thus saw
in a dream). P. of Utrecht, Wesel.

S. WiLLiGis — Bishop — a wheel as symbol (he was
formerly a wheelright) P. of Mainz.

S. WiLLiHAD — Bishop — overturning idols. P. of Bremen.

S. WiNocus (Ouinoc) — Abbot — insignia of a prince
at his feet — turning the winch of a handmill.

S. WiNWALOc — Abbot — by the sea, bell in hand, fish
swimming towards him.

S. Wolfgang — Bishop — holding axe (which he threw
down from a mountain to mark the site of his mon-
astery — church near. P. of Bavaria, Oettingen,
Ratisbon, Schneeberg. Protector against gout and
epilepsy. P. of carpenters.

80 SAINTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES.

S^WoLSTAN (Wulstan) - Bishop - planting his crosier
on S. Edward's grave - devil with a pickaxe behind

him. , . nz-^rr

S. WuLFRAM OF Sens - Bishop - a king near hmi (King

Radbod whom he converted).

S Zen us - Spike in his foot (driven in by the devil).
S Zeno of NicoMEDiA - Roman warrior - stone in his

hand (with which his lower jaw was broken).
S. Zeno of Philadelphia - Roman patrician - sword.

M his bodv thrown into the sea.
<. Z^No OF Verona - crown in his hand (given him by
^' ^.lenus and he gave it to the poor) holding fishing

rod or reed - a tish suspended from his croziei.

p. of Verona. ,,11^ ir. i-fp

S. ZENOB.cs - B.shop - 1-estoring a dead child to Ue

_a u-ee bui-sting into leaf near, (especially lionomed

S. z:/-Sn.-o a u.ee b, .,e. UaU- -m-e beneath

S. ZosiMLS - Bishop - besgai-s round him.
S. ZOS.M.S THE M..RTVR - BlacU.mi.h - ^7° J'/.
S. ZL-iRARrvs - Hermi. - silting m a hollo^^ of a
ihornv tree.

'i'^^V

II.

PATRIARCHS, PROPHETS,
and other Personages of the Scriptures

Aaron — High Priest — the budding rod in his hand.

(Numb, xvii)
Abijah — holding the twelve pieces of his garment.

(I Kings xi 30).
Abraham — wiih the sacrificial knife — the ram at his

side.
Adam and Eve — under the tree of knowledge, holding

an apple.
Amos — prophet — as shepherd with sheep. (Amos

vn. 14).
Ananias, Azarias and Misael — three men in the fiery

furnace, an Angel behind them.
Daniel — prophet — a goat with four horns at his side

(Dan. viii. 8) — in the lion's den, or two hons beside

him (Dan. vi. 16).
David — crown on his head, harp in his hand — or as

a youth with a shng.
Elijah — prophet — holding a sword (I Kings xix. 1)

ravens bringing food to him — a child at his side

(I Kings xvii. 19) carried up to Heaven in a chariot

of fire (11 Kings ii. 11).

82 PATRIARCHS PROPHETS, ETC.

Elisha — prophet — a two-headed eagle on his shoulder.

(the double portion of spirit given him. II Kings ii. 9).
EzEKiEL — prophet — a gateway with towers in his hand

(Ezek. xl.) — holding a rope.
Gideon — warrior — bowing down before a fleece ot*

wool (Judg. vi. 37).
Habbakuk — carrying bread and drinking vessels (he

brought food to Daniel) — snakes and scorpions

about him.
Hezekiah — with royal insignia — destroying idols.
HosEA — staff in one hand, the other lifted up.
Isaac — youth, led bound, to the sacrifice — as an old

man blessing his son.
Isaiah — prophet — with a saw (reference to the tra-
dition as to the manner of his death. Heb. xi. 37).
Jacob — ladder, on which angels are ascending and

descending.
Jeremiah — prophet — a rod in hand (Jer. i. 11) — Stone. M.
Jesse — lying down, from his breast springs the genea-
logical tree of Christ.
Joachim — standing with S. Anne before the door of the

Temple — leading the Blessed Virgin, as a child, by

the hand.
Job — silting on a dung heap — his wife and friends

round him.
Joel — prophet — a lion near — (which is said to have

torn him).
Jonah — prophet — whale near him (Jon. ii. 1).
Joseph — purse in his hand (referring to his having been

sold by his brethren).
./oseph of Arimathea — holding a box of ointment.
Joshua — an angel before him — staying the sun in its

course — carrying a bunch of grapes with Caleb.

PATRIARCHS PROPHETS, ETC. 83

Judith — holding a sword and the head of Holofernes.

Magi or Three Kings — royal insignia — the third as
a Moor — offering ornaments of gold, and vessels
of ointment and spices — the star going before
them.

Malachi — prophet — angel at his side (Mai. iii. 1).

Mary Cleopas — praying.

Mary and Martha — represented as contrasting the active
and contemplative life.

Mary Salome — holding a box of ointment.

Melchisedec — as king and high priest — meeting Abra-
ham with bread and wine — type of Christianity
(Heb. vii).

MiCAH — written parchment in his hand — herds of oxen
behind him.

Moses — holding the tables of Law — two rays rising
from his head like horns (Exod. xxxiv. 29) — smit-
ing the rock for water — the burning bush near
him — raising the brazen serpent.

Nahum — scroll in his hand.

Nathan — with David — a dead child at their feet.

Obadiah — prophet — carrying bread and water (I Kings
xviii. 4).

Salome — the mother of the Maccabees — her seven
sons in an oil caldron near her.

S\mson — holding the jawbone of an ass (Judg. xv. 15).

Samuel — with a staff — carrying the box of anointing oil.

Simeon — Jewish priest — receiving the Infant Jesus in
the Temple — holding Him in his arms.

Solomon — with royal insignia — holding a scroll — the
Queen of Sheba beside him — giving sentence on
the two mothers.

Susanna — between the two aged seducers.

84 PATRIARCHS PROPHETS, ETC.

Tobias — the fish in his hand (Tob. vi.) — led by the

Angel.
Virgins (the Ten) — wise and fooHsh, with lamps or

vessels in their hands, the former holding them

upright, the latter reversed.
Zechariah — The Temple in course of building near

him (Ezra v. 1) — a stone beside him on which are

seven eyes. (Zech. iii. 9).

III.

Alphabetical list of Attributes

Abbess. As

Abbot. As

SS. Adeltrudis, Athanasia.

Beatrice of Este, Bertha,

Bridget of Kildare.

Clara.

Eanswida, Ebba, Elisa-
beth of Sch6naug,Ethel-
reda,

Fara, Prides wide.

Gertrude of Eisleben, (Be-
nedictine)

Gisela.

Hildegard of Bingen.

Juliana of Liege.

Landrade, Lioba, (Bene-
dictine),

Lutgarda (Cistercian).

Matilda (Benedictine).

Milbeugis.

Opportuna, Ottilia.

Radegunda.

Scholastica.

Walburgis.
SS. Aniatus, Anthonj' of

Sorrento, Arbogast.

8<::

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

Abbot. As

Abyss (on ilie verge of anh
out of which rise-
doves. '

Aged man. As an

SS. Bertinus, Bertoldus,Ber-
tulphus.

Carilephus, Comfrallus,

Constable, Cuthbert.

Deodatus,DominicorSora,

Eustace, Evrolt of Luxen.

Fi'idohn.

Gennanus, of Granvelle,

WiHiam of Monte Ver-
gine.

Henry of Ton^rres, Ho-

noratus, Hugh of Clugny
(Benedictine).

Huvarus.

John of Remagen (Bene-
dictine).

Lulpicinus.

Marculph (Benedictine).

0th maims.

Phinbert,Poppo of Stablo,

Porcharius of Lerins.

Theodulph of Rheims,

Tugwaldus.

Ulmer.

Venantius of Tout's.

Vitahs ot Ratisbon.

Wilham of Roeschild.

Wigbertus,\VinocusAVin-

waloc.

S. Odilo.

S. Josapliat (See S.Bai'laam).

ALI'HABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES

Aged men. (Two) beside her

Alms, distributing

Altar, slain before the

» kneeling before the
» (Heathen) near.
Anchor beside him.

» » » or a small)

» one suspended round
his neck.

Angel near

» bears his soul to)
heaven. (

» brings him the B.)
Sacrament. \

» brings him fish.

» » » 3 loaves.

» » » the rules

of the Order.

» extinguishing the fire.

» frees him from scour-
ging.

» giving him the B. Sact.
in a spoon.

» in a cloud giving him
2 Tablets.

S. Susanna.

SS. Germain of Paris, Me-
dard, Potentiana of Villa-
nova, Siardus.

SS. Ethelbert,Irenoeus, Ste-
phen.

S. Emmerich.

S. Alexander.

S. Nicholas of Bari.

S. Clement of Rome.

SS. Ananias AzaHas and
AIisael,Firmina,Francisca
Romana, Germana, Josh-
ua, Malachi, Matthew,
Nicholas of Tolentino,
Reslituta.

S. Narcissus.

S. Bonaventura.

S. Comgallus.
S. Cuthberi,

S. Pachomius.

S. Charitina.

S. Eleutherius.

S. Mark the Hermit.

S. Cyril the Carmelite,

88

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

Angel giving her a spray of)

roses. ]

» holding a bottle and a)

snake. (

» holding a shield with)

3 lilies. (

» imprints a cross on)

his forehead. \
» leads her across a river.
» leading her.
» on horseback beside;

her. (

» piercing her heartN

with a fire tipped!

arrow. ;

» pouring wine into 2}

jars. \

» protects him from

lightning.
» showering roses over

her.
» wounding lier heart)

with an arrow. )
Angels bury him.
» Carried by
» Body carried to sarco

phagus by
» cultivating a field.
» (Two) near.
Anvil neai*.
Apple. Holding an
Ark. Holding an
Arm, Burniner his

S. Lidwina ot Schiedam.

S. Leontius.

S. Clothilde.

S. Humbert of Marolles.

S. Aldegund.
S. Ermelind.

S. Hildeffund.

S. Teresa.

S. Felix a Cantaliccio.

S. Hugh of Clugny. S.Hugh
of Grenoble.

S. Rosahe.

S. Maria Vilani.

S. Secundus.

S. Peter of Nolasco.

S. Catherine.

S. Isidore.

S. Firmina.

S. Adrian, S. Eligius.

Adam and Eve, S. Sabas.

Noah.

S. William Firmatus.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTHIBU'I'KS.

89

Arms, (see Weapons)

Armour (In) or with it near.

Armenian Prince. As an

Arrow. Holding an

» Holding one (or more)
» in breast.
Arrows. Bound to a tree
and pierced by
» Forging nails out of
Artist. Implements of an

Ass near

» Ridini? an

Augustine order. In tlie
black habit of the^

Awl. Healing hand pierced)

by an (

» Holding an \

Axe. Head cleft by an

SS. Adrian,Gilbert,Maurice,
Reinoldus, Ursus, Ve-
nantius of Camerino, Vic-
torinus of Corinth, Vitalis.
See also "Roman soldier."

S. Miniatus.

SS. Canute, Demetrius, Ed-
mund, Lambert, Peter
Thomas, Ursula.

S, Christina, S. Faustinus.

S. Angelus.

S. Edmund, S. Sebastian.

S. Otto.

S. Luke.

SS. Anthony of Padua,
Evrolt, Gerlacus, Marcel-
lus, Peter Chrysologus,
Philibert, Balaam.

S. Hervaus.

SS. Clara of Montefaico,
Frigdianus, John of
England, Juan Gonzales,
Lawrence,Justinian,Mary
of Oignies, Nicolas of To-
lentino, Theotonius, Tho-
mas of Villanova.

S. Anianus of Alexandria.

S. Gabinius, S. Leodegarius

of Autun.
S. Josaphat.

90

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

Axe. Holding an

SS. Anastasius, Berardus,
Chrysogonus, Donatus,
Elphege, Erhard, Her-
mengild, Ladislaus, Mal-
chus, Martina, Martinia-
nus, Matthew, Matthias,
Prociilus, Rufus, Wolf-
gang.

Bagpipes. Playing
Bag of money (purse).
Bags »

Bakers implements.

» shovel. (Holding a)]
on Avhich are 3>
loaves. \

Ball near.

Balls (Three) in her hand.

» » on his book ur/

at his feet. (

Banner. Holding a

» with the old)

Austrian arms.\

» with black Im-/

perial eagle.*

S. Simon Salus.
S. Matthew.
S. Theodosius.
S. Herluinus.

S. Honorius of Amiens.

S. Jerome Emilianus.
S. Clara of Montefalco.

S. Nicholas of Bari.

SS. Agnellus, Anthony of
Soprento, Benign us of
Rome, Constantius, John
Capistran, Julian of Cilicia,
Maurice, Ursus, Venan-
tius of Camerino.

S. Leopold.

S. Wenceslaus of Bohemia.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

91

Banner. (Holding) with ved\

cross on wliite>

ground. )

» » with 3 lilies &j

3 crescents. \

Bar (Standing on a) which)

rests on two nails. ^

Barn near.

Barrel beside her.

Basilican Order. In the habit\

of the /

Basilisk. ExpeUing from a)

well a )

Basket with bread. '■

» with doves.
» with roses and\
fruit. \

» Lion carrying a
Baskets. Carrying

» Making

Bath of boiling water. In a
Beam at his side.

Bear near.

» carries his baggage.

» harnessed to his\
plough. j

» keeping his sheep.

SS. George, Reparata, Tor-
p6, Ursula.

S. William of Aquitaine.

S. Aribert.

S. Ansorinus.
S. Antonina.

S. Andrew of Crete, S. Ma-
crina.

S. John of Remagen.

S. Columba the Abbot, S.

Joanna of Valois.
S. Joachim.
S. Elisabeth of Hungary,

S. Dorothea.
S. Gerasimus.
S. John Damascene.
S. Conrad of Placentia, S.

Deodolus.
S. Cecilia.

S. ^milianus of Trevi.
SS. Columba of Sens, Co-

lumban, Euphemia, Gal-

lus, Gislenius, JMaximus

of Treves.
S. Corbinianus of Frey-

singen.

S. James of Tarentaise.
S. Florens.

92

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

» Taking a ihorn out of/
the paw of a ]
» with cubs.

Beard. AVith a <

(

Beasts. See Wild beasts.
Beds. Rows of (Hospital).

Beehive. With a
Beggar. As a

Beggars near.

Beggar's wallet on his/
shoulder. (

Beguine. As a
Bell in hand.
Benedictine Order. In tlie/
habit of the \

» & with fetters in hand.

» » knife.

» » crucifix.

» » book.

»

»

raven.

»

»

fish & bread.

»

»

crucifix &lilies,

»

»

sword.

»

»

hood in flames.

»

»

basket.

S. Aventinus.

S. Landrada.

S. Galla of Rome, S. Paula
Barbata.

S. Juan de Dios.

SS. Ambrose, Bernard of
Clairvaux, John Chrys-
ostom.

SS. Anthony, John Calybite.

SS. Elisabeth of Portugal,
Elisabeth of Hungary, Ho-
mobonus, John de Dios,
Thomas of Villanova, Zo-
simus.

S. Felix a Cantaliccio.

S. Begga.

S. Anthony, S. Winwaloc.

S. Guilbertus, S. Vitalianus.

S. Adjutor.

S. Alto.

S.Augustine of Canterbury.

The Venerable Bede, S.

Notker Balbulus.
S. Benedict, S. Meinhard.
S Berthold.
S. Carlomannus.
S. Christopher of Cordova.
S. Cloud.
S Columba the Abbot.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES. 93

»

»

with fish.

S. Dominic of Sora, S. Eg-

»

»

watering dry )

winus.

twig. i

S. Friar dus.

»

»

mitre.

S. Herculanus, S. Lanfranc.

»

»

bakers tools.

S. Herluinus.

»

»

snakes & bird.

S. Hilda.

»

»

angel.

S. Hugh of Clugny.

»

»

B. V. M. near.

S. Ildefons.

»

»

basihsk.

S. John of Remagen.

»

»

dragon.

S. John of Rheims.

»

»

sahnon.

S. Kentigern.

»

»

weapons.

S. Landohn.

»

»

wild beasts.

S. Magnus.

»

»

loaves.

S. Marculf.

»

»

pastoral staff.

S. Maurus.

»

»

scourge.

S. Matilda.

»

»

crook.

S. Odilo.

»

»

birds of prey.

S. Odo of Clugny.

»

»

tongue torn|
out. \

S. Placidus.

»

»

broken pitcher.

S. Portianus.

»

»

stag.

S. Symeon.

»

»

lion.

S. Venantius of Tours.

»

»

heart & hly.

S. Vitahs of Ratisbon.

»

»

armour.

S. Wilham of Aquitaine.

Bird brings

a fish.

S. Gerhard, S. Walter.

»

with its head turned/
backwards. \

S. Orcas.

»

sitting

on hand.

S. Oda.

»

»

book.

S. Vitus (see Cock).

Birds

covering her body)
with flowers. \

S. Sophronia.

94

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

(Driving) out of a;
cornfield. \

near.

Bishop. As

Blacksmiths tools.

Blind. Restoring sight to

the
Blood (Carrying) in a dish.
» in a bottle or phial.
Boat behind him.

» In a
Body cut open.
Bologna. Carrying model of
Bones. Holding two human

Book. Holding a

S. Porcharius of Lerins.
SS. Conrad of Placentia,

Hilda, Jodocus.
So many Saints are repre-
sented in Episcopal robes
that unless there is some
other attribute it is not
easy to identify them;
space would be wasted
in the enumeration : some
have special local cele-
brity and can be thus
recognised. (Ed.)

S. Baldomer.
SS. Albin, Birinus, Matilda,

Sabina.
S. Praxedes, S. Pudentiana.
S. Januarius.
S. Julian Hospitator.
S. Raymond of Pennaforte.

S. Basilides.

S. Petronius.

S' Ambrose.

SS. Adrian Becan, Albert
the Great, Athanasius,
Aquilinus, Avitus, Hilde-
gard of Bingen, Bernard
of Clairvaux, Bede, Bona-
ventura. Gregory of Na-
zianzen, John Chrysos-
tom, Isidore Pelusiota.
Isidore of Seville,Ludger.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

05

» » with 3 balls on it.

» » with a bird on it.

» » with a ducal co-

ronet.
» » with 2 eyes lying

on it.
» » transpierced by

a sword. '

» » with stones on it.

Books. Holding three
» Trampling on
Bottle (Small) in his hand.
» An Angel holding a

small
» (Medecine) or sur-,
gical instruments. '

Box of ointment. Holding a.

» of sweet odours.
Boy. As a

» » carrying his own)

head. (

» » offering the B. Vir-)

gin an apple. )

» sitting behind him on)

horseback. \

Braziers. Surrounded by

burning
Bread. An Angel brings)
him )

S. Nicolas of Bari.
S. Vitus.

S. Begga.

S. Ottilia.

S. Boniface.

S. Liborius.
S. Hilary of Poitiers.
S. Cyprian of Antioch.
S. Januarius.

S. Leontius.

SS. Cosmo and Dai:i!:in.

The Three Kings, SS. Jo-
seph of Arimathea, Mary
Magdalen, Mary Salome,
Samuel.

S. Joanna.

SS. David, Mammas, Wen-
dehnus, Werner.

S. Laetus.

S. Hermann Joseph.
S. Gregory of Armenia.
S. Flavia Domitilla.
S. Cuthbert.

96

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

» Beside him a basket of
» Carrjing a basket of
» and fish. (Carrying)
» and water. »
» Changing burning/
coals into \

» Holding a piece of
» (Holding a piece of) out i
of which creeps a
serpent. '

» (Offering) to Abraham I
(see also Loaces). \
Breast. Arrow in his
» Chalice on his
» Monogram I. H. S.)
on his \

Breasts (Carryng her) on|
a salver. (

» cut off.
Breviary. Holding a

Bridge near.

Brushwood. Dying on a)
heap of (
Buffalo kneeling before)
him. (

Bull. Burnt in a brazen
Buried alive up to her neck.
» » » » shoul-

der.
» » » his waist.

Burning bush near.

S. Columba the Abbot.
S. Elisabeth of Hungary
S. Berthold.
Habbakuk, Obadiah.

S. Paul of Verdun.
S. Evrolt, S. Marculf.

S. Benedict.

Melchisedec.

S. Angelus.

S. Lucian of Beauvais.

S. Ignatius Loyola.

S. Agatha.

S. Sophia.
S. Ludger.

S. John Nepomuck, S. Be-
nezet.

S. Simon Salus.

S. Carilephus.

S. Eustace.
S. Daria.

S. Paulina.

S. Marcellus of Chalons.
Moses.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIHLTES.

07

c

Caldron near.

» of boilinff oil neap.

» Being boiled in a

Calf near.

» Wolf bringing a
Camaldolesl In the habit

of the
Camel near.
Camelshair. Clothed in

Capuchins. In the habit ofl
the

Cardinal. As

Carmelite order. In the
habit of the

Carthusian order. In the!
habit of the (
Cask near.

SS. vEmilianus of Trevi,
Fausta, Symphorosa.

SS* Fehcitas, Vitus, Salome.

S. Cecilia. The 7 Jewish
brethren (les sept Ma-
chabees) Salome their
mother near.

S. Dympna.

S. Bernard of Tironio.

S. Romaald, S. Tomassus.

S. Hormisdas.

S. John Baptist.

SS. Crispin of Viterbo, Fe-
lix a Cantaliccio, John de
Deo, Seraphimus a Mon-
tegi'anario.

SS. Bernard degli Uberti,
Bonaventura, Francis
Borgia, Guarinus, Jerome,
Peter Damian.

SS. Albertus Siculus, An-
drew Corsini, Angelus,
Cyril the Carmelite, Juan
de la Cruz, Maria Mad-
dalena dei Pazzi, Peter
Thomas, Simon Stock,
Teresa.

SS. Beatrice of Este, Bruno,
Hugh of Grenoble.

S. Antonina.

98

ALPHABETICAL UST OF ATTRIBUTES.

» (small; of wine)
Cave. Near a

» Together, praying in a

» (In a) a stag beside her.

» (In a) before which)

hangs a spider's web.(

Celestine ORDER. In the habit/

of the i

Cell. In a narrow

Censer. Holding a

Chain. Holding a (or chains)

» Holding a broken

» Throwing into an
abyss a piece of
Chains about the bod3^

» Breaking a prisoner's

» In
Chair. Burnt on a red hot

Chalice. Holding a (see also'
Cup.) j

» Holding glass

» » & the Wafer.

» » orCiborium.

» » with serpent

rising out of it

» » or an Angel 1

gives him the>
B. Saci. \

S. Othmarus.

S. Beatus.

SS. Barlaam & Josaphat.

S. Genevieve of Brabant.

S. Felix of Nola.

S. Peter Coelestinus.

S. Symeon.

S. Joanna.

SS. Alexander the Pope,
Balbina, Ferreolus, Je-
rome yEmilianus, John
de Jannina, Leonard, Ra-
degund.

S. John de Matha.

S. Adjutor.

S. Maranna, S. Utho.

S. Evermund.

S. Peter.

S. Attains.

SS. Ansbertus, Birinus,
Henry of Tongres, Tho-
mas Aquinas.

S. Donatus.

S. Barbara.

S. Norbert.

S. John the Divine.
S. Bonaventura.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

99

» on his breast.
» Spider spinning a
web over
Chariot. Borne to heaven)
in a fiery \

» near, drawn b J' an)
ox and a wolf. (
» (His body borne on)
a) without horses. (
Chariot wheel. Riding on)
the water on a \
Caritas in a glory before^
him or on a scroll)
borne by an angel.;
Charcoal burner. As a

Child. As a

» (A dead) at their feet.
» Carrying a

» near

» in a cradle at his feet.
Children laughing beside
him.
» two with him onj
a pilgrimage. \

S. Lucian of Beauvais.
S. Conrad of Constance.

Elijah.

S. Eustorgius.

S. Ladislaus.

S. Germain of Amiens.

S. Francis de Paula.

S. Alexander the Bishop.

SS. Agericus, Dentehnus,
Fides, Spes, Caritas, Ju-
stus, Pastor, Simon of
Trent, Vitus, William of
Norwich.

Nathan and David.

S. Marina, S. Vincent de
Paul.

SS. Augustine, Bridget of
Sweden, Claudius, Elijah,
Hemma, Joseph of Ca-
lasanz, Mary Cleopas, Sa-
lome, Serapia, Willibrod.

S. Hilary of Poitiers.

S. Simon Salus.
S. Richard.

100

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES

» three in a font or)

in a tub near. (

» seven (her sons))

whom she is >

teaching to pray.;

» nine round her.

Church near.

» visible on the shore.
» Carrying model of
Christ.
CiBORiuM. Holdinf? a

C1STERCIA.N ORDER. In

habit of the

the

Clares. In the habit of the

Poor.
Cloak (Dividing), with his
sword.
» L}' ing on a fire on his
» Spreading out his
» Standing on the water)
on his \

Cloud over him.

» » » from which)

S. Nicolas of Bari.

S, Felicitas.

S. Nottburga.

S. Wolfgang.

S. Laurence of Ireland.

See model.

(See Saviour).

S. Norbert.

SS. Bernard of Clairvaux,

Lutgard, Robert of Mo-

lesme.
S. Catherine of Bologna,

S. Clare.

S. Martin of Tours.

S. Peter Gonzales.
S. Alban of England.

S. Sebald.
S. Secundus.

an angel givesS S. Cyril the Carmelite,
him 2 tablets. 1

SS. Adalbert, Apollinaris of
• Ravenna, Arcadius, Con-
stantine, John and Maxi-
mian, (see 7 Sleepers)
Dorotheus of Tyre, Euge-
nius, Judas Thaddeus,

ALPIIAliETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES

101

Club. Holdin"- a

»

»

fuller's

»

»

leaden

»

»

thorny

Coals.

An

angel extin-

guishing burning^
» Carrying in his robe)

glowing (

» (Turning)into bread.

» Walking on burning!

Coat of mail on his naked;
body. )

Cock near.
Coffin near.

» » (of stone) .
Columns. Standing between
Comb. Holding an iron (or)
an angel holds it).(
» Holding an iron
» » a small iron)

(hke a currycomb) \
Cooking. Employed in

» utensils about. <

Corn. Ears of (see Ears.)

Cornfield. In a

» » driving away)

the birds. (
Coronet of 5 stars.

SS. Marcella, Telesphorus,

Timothy.
S. James the Less.
S. Eusebius of Rome.
S. Fidelis of Sigmaringen,

S. Nicomedes.

S. Charitina.

S. Britius of Tours.

S. Paul of Verdun.
S. Salvator ab Horta, S. Ti-
burtius.

S. Robert of Arbrissel.

S. Marius, S. Vitus.
S. Lazarus.
S. Gualfardus.
S. Athanasius.

S. Blaise.

S. Frigdlanus.

S. Hippolytus.

S. Judicael.

SS. Didacus of Alcala, Juan

de Leon (bonus Cocus),

Martha.

S. Agericus.

S. Porcharius of Lerins.
S. John Nepomuck.

102

ALrHABETICAL LIST OF ATTFIBUTES

Cow beside her.
Cow and oxen neai\
Cowl which emits flames.
Credo. ^V^iting on the)
ground the word \
Cross. An angel impresses/
on his forehead a\

» Bearing on his]

shoulder a

)

Holding a

>■>

»

black

»

»

double

»

»

small

»

»

. floriated

»

»

greek

»

»

in her arms

On the breast a red .

with spikes on his)
breast. )

Pressing to his bo-)
som the )

as the sign of mar-
tyrdom.

S. Bridget of Sweden.
S. Etto.
S. Cloud.

S. Peter Martyr.

S. Humbert of MaroUes.

S. Davinus.

SS. Beatrice of Este, Cor-
nelia, Daniel Stylita, Di-
dacus, Fi^ancis Xavier,
Helena, Joanna of Chan-
tal, John Gualberto, Lid-
wina of Schiedam, Louis
Gonzaga, Monica,Oswald,
Peter of Alcantara, Roa-
dialis, Romain of Rouen.

S. Margaret of Scotland.

S. Bona.

S. Francis Regis.

S. Bruno.

S. Miniatiis.

S. Joanna.

S. John Capistranus, S.
Maurice.

S. Ferdinand of Castile.

S. Philip Benitius.

SS. Dismas, Eulalia, Julia,
Nestor, Philip, Simon of
Trent.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES

103

sallire
inverted

» Suspended on the )

» » and being;

sawn in two-(

Crown in hands or on the^
ground.

» with spilies on herf
head. \

>^ of thorns. (Holding a)j

Crown. Wearing a

Crowns (Three) near.
Crow in the tree just over/
his liead. i

Crucifix (Holding) or before^
Ihem a

» (Holding a) out oH)

which spring 3?

lilies. J

» Pressing to her bo-)

som tiie ]

» (Holding a) set with/

precious stones. (

S. Andrew the Apostle.

S.Judas Thaddeus, S.Peter.

SS. Didymus, Simeon of
Jerusalem, Torpe, Wil-
liam of Norwich.

S. Thuthael.

SS. Carlomannus. Casimir,
Chrysogomus , Jodocas ,
Paulina, Procopius, Vic-
toria, Zeno.

S. Rosa of Lima.

S. Louis of France, S. Ma-
ria Maddalena dei Pazzi.

SS. Adelaide, Catherine of
Siena, Cinthia, Columba of
Sens, Francis of Assisi,
Juan de Deo, Theodore
Tyro, Verena.

S. Louis of Toulouse.

S. Auxentius.

SS. Augustine of Canter-
bury, Bonaventura, Ca-
therine of Siena, Hyacinth,
Louis Bel tram, Maura.

S. Carlomannus.

S. Rosaha of Palermo.
S. Teresa.

104

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES

» Holding or pressing)
to his bosom the^

» (Holding a) with which I
he defies the devilf
in the form of af
young peasant. 1

» Driving back be-)
siegers with the(

» (Holding a) wreath-)
ed with lilies. )

» Holding aloft a

» between the antlers /

of a stag. )

Crutch. With a

Cup. (Holding a) out of,

which a serpent*

rises. (

» (Holdinga) into which)
a jewel has fallen. \
» » full of wine.

» » of poison.

Cups. Carrying the blood
of martyrs in
» Holding two
Cypress. Nailed by the feet)
to a \

S. Francis Xavier.
S. Nathanael.

S. Ubaldus.

S. Nicolas of Tolentino.
S. Vincent Ferrer.
S. Eustace, S. Hubert.

S. Antony, S. Romuald.

SS. Benedict, Edward the
Martyr, James de Mar-
ch ia.

See also Chalice.

S. Lupus.

S. Joanna of Valois.
S. Joseph Barsabas.
S. Praxedes and S. Puden-

tiana.
S. Odilo.

S. Theodula.

r)

Dates (cluster oO on palm. S. Ansano.
Dagger in breast. S. Bibianus

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES

105

» Holding a
Danes (Converted) near

Deacon. As
» (Sub)

Dead. Raising tlie

» rising from tlieir
graves.
Demon at his feet.

» (Casting) out of a man

» clinging to lamp)
which she holds (

» near.

» beneath his feet.
» with bellows
Devil at his feet.
» holding a bell.
» appearing from an

open grave.
» behind him with a
pickaxe.

Casting out a

SS. Edward the Martyr,
Kilian, Olaf.

S. Anscharius.

SS. Ciriacus, Grimwald,
Leonard, Meinulf, Vincent.

S. Crescentius.

SS. Fridolin, James of Ni-
sibe, John Gonzales, Lu-
bentius, Maclovius, Mar-
tialis^ Poppo of Stablo,
Rumold , Sulpicius of
Bonrges , Valentine of
Terracina, Zenobius.

S. Gotthard.

S. Ursmares of Lobbe.
S. John Thaumaturgus, S.
Venantius of Tours.

S. Gudule.

SS. Ediltrude, Gangericus,

Peter Caelestine.
S. John Gonzales.
S. Genevieve of Paris.
S. Lanfranc, S. Norbert.
S. Theodolus.

S. Euchoriu.s.

S. Wulstan.

S. Virgilius, S. Arnulf of
Soissons.

106

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES

» » » » from)

a wo man ^

» » » » from a)

boy(

» (Defying wiih a Cru-j

cifix the) in the shape)

of a young peasant.)

» (Defying with a Crucifix)

the) in the form of a>

woman )

» Driving out of a tern-/

pie the i

» Leading bound the

» near.

» » in the shape of

a dog,
» on his shoulder.
Diana (Temple of) destroyed/
by lightning near.\
Ditch. Buried in a
» filled with mud be-)
side him. )

Dish with loaves of bread)
(see also Salver). j
Distaff.

Doe near, (see also Hind^
and Stag).

Does. Three near

Dog near.

6. Hermes.

S. Hidulph of Treves.

S. Xathanael.

S. Marculf.

S. Gregory Thaumaturgus.

S. Juliana of Nicomedia.
S. Gemlnianus.

S. Notker Balbulus.

S. Goar.

S. Martina.

S. Vitalis.

S. Chrysanthus.

S. Godfrey of Cappenberg.

S. Genevieve of Paris.

SS. Catherine of Sweden,
Fiacrius, Genevieve of
Brabant, Maxim us of Tu-
rin.

S. Goar.

SS. Arnulf of Soissons. Be-
nignus, Bernard of Clair-
vaux, Margaret oi' Cor-
tona. Sira, Wendelinus.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES

107

» (Dead) near.

» (Mad) which he killedJ

l)y the sign of the?

cross. )

» carrying a loaf.
» The devil in the form)

of a (

» with a torch in his/

mouth. (

Dolphin carrying thei

corpse of <

Dolphins (Two) carrying)

on their backs (
Domestic animals around)

him. (

Dominican Order. In the^*
habit of the

Door. Standing before the)
temple (

Dove at his ear.

» » » or mouth.
» bringing the sacred)
wafer. )

» flying towards her.

» near or above

S. Godfrey of Amiens.

S. Parthemius.

S. Roch.

S. Notker Balbulus.

S. Dominic.

S. Arianus, S. Lucian of
Samosata.

S. Callisiralus.

S. Guido of Andeiiecht.

SS. Accursius, Antlu>:iy of
Florence, Dominic, Hya-
zinth, James Alemannus,
Louis Beltram, Maria Vi-
lani, Peter Gonzales, Pe-
ter Martyr, Raymond of
Pennaforte, Rosa of Lima,
Vincent Ferrar.

S. Joachim.

S. Peter of Alcantara, S.

Peter Cselestine.
S. Thomas Aquinas.

S. Albert of Ogna.

S. Cornelia.

SS. Cunibert of Cologne,
Fabian, Hilar v ij Aries,

108

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES

» near or above

» holding her veil.
» on his arm.

» on his shoulder.

» issuing from her/

mouth (the so\i\)'\

» with the oil flask.

Doves in a basket.

» rising from an abyss.

» (Three; above him.

Dragon at the feet or tread-]
ing underfoot a

» beside him itsjawsj
bound with 3/
threads.

» chained. j

» (Leading a) by his)
stole. '

near.

or large snake near.
Robe wrappedj

round a
Shielding a man

from a

SS. Oswald, Romana, Te-
resa, Ursula.

S. Adelgund.

S. Basil the Great.

SS. David of Wales, Finta-
tanus, Francis of Sales,
Gregory the Great, Se-
verus of Ravenna.

S. Eulalia, S. Scholastica.

S. Remigius.

S. Joachim.

S. Odilo.

S. Medard.

SS. Cyriacus, Elisabeth of
Schonaug, George, Hono-
ratus, Longinus, Michael.

S. Silvester.

S. John of Rheims, S. Mar-
garet.

S. Paul de Leon.

SS. Beatus, Eugenius, Gan-
gericus, Leo, Marcellus
of Paris, Martinianus,
Theodore of Heraclea.

S. Amandus of Maastricht.

S. Germain of Amiens.
S. Anatolia,

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES

109

» (Slaying a) witlij
the sign of tlie
cross. ]

« (Slaying a) by her)
prayers. ]

Drinking Vessels. Carrying
Dung heap. Sitting on a

S. Florentinus Vindemialis.

S. Victoria.

Habbakul^.
Job.

E

Eagle fanning him as he)
sleeps. ]

» flying above him.

» near.

» on his shoulder.
» poised above him
shelters him from
rain.
» spreading its wings

over him.
» watching her corpse.
Eagles (Four) guard his

body.
Ears of Corn. Holding six
» » » » three

Earth. Lying on the
Eyes (His) before him.
» (Carrying her) on a

dish or salver.
» » » » on a book
» Carrjing his

S. Servatius.

S. Gislerius.

SS. Augustine, Gervasius &
Protasius, John the Divine.
Elisha.

S. Bertulphus.

S. Medard.
S. Prisca.

S. Stanislaus.

S. Fara.
S. Walburgis.
S. Babaea.
S. Goericus.

S. Lucia.

S. Ottilia.

S. Leo in, S. Trophlmus.

no

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES

F

Face. Dead; lying on her

» radiant.
Faggots. Pile of (See Fune-
ral pyre).
Falcon. Holding a

» perched on the roof
of his hut.
Feather. Holding a Pea-
cock's
Feet. Dragged by the
» Lion licking his
» fastened with molten
lead into a stone.
» Hanging ; with stones

attached to his
» pierced

» » with nails.
» » with a spike
Fetters on his hands.
Fig tree. Hung by his fin-
gers to a

Finger on his lips.

Fingers. Hung up by his
Fire beside him.

» Extinguishing

S. Cecilia.
S. Titus.

S. Bavon.

S. Otho of Ariano.

S. Barbara.

S. Cointha.
S. Eubulus.

S. Benignus.

S. Severinus.

S. Felicianus. .

S. Philomenes.

S. Zenais.

S. Adjutor. (See also Chains).

S. Sabas.

S. John Nepomuck, S. John
Silentiarius.

S. Sabas.

S. Basil the Great.

SS. Arnulf of Metz, Csesa-
rius of Aries, Florian,
Germain of Paris, Lam-
bert, Lupus of Sens.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES

111

» » by his prayers.

» falling from heaven.
» (Flame of) above the(

head. {

» Lying on his mantle)

over a (

» under her as she

hangs on a tree.
(See also coals and flames^.
Fish at her feet.
» Bird brings a
» Carrying
» holding the Keys of,

the Chui'ch. '

» in his hand.

I
» near.

» sw^imming towards

him. '

» The lost key of the

Church found in

the mouth of a
» with a ring in its|

mouth. \

» Turning snakes into
» (Two) hanging on a

halflioop.
» Preaching to the
Flail beside him.
Flames. Bound to a stake in

the midst of
» Hung with his head

downwards over

S. Aidan.
S. Anscharius.
S. Bridget of Kildare, S.
Vincent Ferrer.

S. Peter Gonzales.
S. Zoe.

S. Amelburga.

S. Gerhard, S. Walter.

S. Berthold.

S. Benno, S. Maurilius.

Tobit.

S. Gregory of Tours, S.
Ulrich.

S. Winwaloc.

S. Egwinus.

S. Arnold.

S. Dominic of Sora.

S. Eanswide.

S. Anthony of Padua.
S. Varus.

S. Afra.

S. Agapitus.

112 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES

» near.

» Sitting in the midst of
Flash of Lightning. (See

lightning).
Flask of oil. (see oil).
Fleece. Bowing before a
Fleur de lys. Scepli'e with
Flower in his mouth.
FLOWERS.Birds covering her
body with
» (Three) in his hand
» (see also Roses).
Font. Carrying children;
in a (

» Standing in a
FoNTEVRAUD. In the habit of

the Order of

FooTPRiNTs(Impressing his)i

in a stone. \

Fork near, (instrument of)

torture). \

Franciscan Order. In the;
habit of the

Frogs near

S. Eulalia.

S. Apolhnai-is of Ravenna.

Gideon.

S. Louis of France.

S. Louis of Toulouse.

S. Sophronia

S. Hugh of Lincoln.

S. Hildulph of Treves, S.

Nicolas of Bari.
S. Pelagia mima.

S. Robert Arbrissel.
S. Medard.

S. Martina. S. Vincent.

SS. Anthony of Padua, Be-
rardus, Conrad of Placen-
lia, Didacus, Elisabeth of
Portugal, Fidelis of Sig-
maringen, Francis of As-
sisi, James of Marchia,
John Capistrano, Louis of
Toulouse, Pascal Baylon,
Peter of Alcantara, Phi-
lip Benitius, Rosa of Vi-
terbo, Salvator ab Horta.
S. Huvarus, S. Regulus.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIiJUTES.

Full moon.

Funeral pyre oi* faggot pile^

Bound to a stake(

in the midst of a)

» » » burning

» » in episcopal robes;

and singing. \

» Lying on a

near.

» the rain ex-j
tinguishing the
flames. 1

Furnace. In a fiery

» KneeUng in a

» (Fiery) near.

S. Juhana of Liege. S. Wil-
Hbrod.

S. Faustus.

S. Conrad of Mantua.

S. Fructuosus.

S. Barnabas.

SS. Anastasia, Apollonius,
Aristion, Augusta, Co-
lumba of Cordova, Con-
stantia, Firmina, Gordia-
nus, Hilarion, Macrobius,
Marinus the Bishop, Nice-
tas, Polycarp,Pot68miana,
Marcella, Thecla, Theo-
dorus Tyro, Timotheus &
Maura.

S. Martina.

Ananias, Azarias & Misael,
S. Pelagia of Tarsis, S.
Victor of Milan.

S. Ephesus.

SS. Agape, Eleutherius, Jan-
uarius, Theodota.

114 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

Or

Gallows near.

I
\

Gardener. As a j

Garment rent in 12 pieces.

Gateway with towers in)
his hand. ^

Genealogical Tree of Christy
springs from hisl
breast. )

Giant. As a

Globe in a ray of sunshine.
» illuminated by a torch)
held by a dog. \
Globes and mathematical (
instruments near. ^
Gloves. The B. Virgin)
gives him \

Golden Vessels and gold-)
smiths tools near.")
Goose in a wolfs jaws near.

» near.
Geese (A flock of wild) rising
Gospels. Holding the Book)
of the ^

Grapes. Carrying a bunch of
» Plucking
^ » from a)

thornbush.\

S. Feriolus.

S. Paul of Nolo, S. Phocas

of Sinope.
Ahijah.

Ezekiel.

Jesse.

S. Christopher.

S. Columba the Abbot.

S. Dominic.

S. Anutolius, S. Bede.

S. Amadeus.

S. Berenwardus.

S. Vedast.

S. Martin of Tours.

S. Milburgis.

S John Calybite, S. Patrick.

Joshua & Caleb.
S. Werner.

S. Felix of Nola.

ALPIIAHETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

115

Grave dug by S. Zosimus)
and a lion. ]

» (Laid in) where the]
bodies of two(
Bishops make(
room for his.

» Lying in a

» A golden lily grow-)
ing from his (

» Torch kindling spon-)
taneously on hisi

» opening spontaneously)
to receive his body.j

» planting his Staff on*
S. Edward's \

» Standing by an open) 1
from whicli the>
devil appears. )

» dug for him by 2 lions
Graves. The dead rising/
from their )

Gridiron near.

» (Redhot) »

» Lying on a redhou

» with sharp teeth near
Grotto. In a.

S. Mary of Egypt.

S. John Eleemosinarius.

S. Maximianus and his
brethren.

S. William of Montpellier.
S. William of Roeschild.
S. Heribert.
S. Wolstan.

S. Eucharius.

S. Macarius of Rome.
S. Gotthard.

S. Crescejitius, S. Laurence.
S. Cyprian of Antioch, S.

Donatilla.
SS. Edessus, Eustratius, Ma-

cedonius and Theodulus,

Orestes of Tyana.
S. Vincent.
S. Rosalia

116

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

H

Hair. Hung to a tree by her

» Veiled b}^ her long
Halberd near, op in his hand
Hammer. Holding a

Hand. Holding an amputatedj

» Holding up one
» Plunging into boihng
watei' his
Hands being cut off.
» and feet cut off.
» » » piei'ced.
» Hanging to a stake)
by his \

Handkerchief on which is.
impressed a like-(
ness of Christ. )
Handmii.l. Griding corn in a
» Turning the winch)

of a \

Hare in liis sleeve.
Harp. Holding a
» Playing the
Hat. (Hanging his) on the)
sunbeams )

Hawk near.

Head. Carrying his own

S. Zoe.

S. Mary of Egypt.
S. Grimoaldus, S. Matthew.
S. Eligius, S. Reinoldus.
SS. Athala, John Damas-
cene, Quiriacus.
Hosea.

Paternus.

S. Sabinus.

S. Anastasia. S. Emeran.

S. Felicianus. S. Philomenes

S. Marius of Rome.

S. Veronica.

S. Candidus.

S. Winwaloc.

S. Albert of Siena.

David.

S. Dnnstan.

S. Goar.

S. Quirinus of Rome,
S. Alban of England, Cheron,
Clair, Sen is, Exuper-
antius, Proculus, Regula^
Sidwell, Valeria.

Af-PIIABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTI-S. 117

» (Carrying the upperi
half of his) with
miti"o on it. )

» (CaiTving his) palmj
branch springing,
from neck. '

» (Carrying the) of S.
Alexander in a;
cloth.

'> » of Holofernes

HEART.An angel piercing her

» Holding a burning

» » & pierced.
» crowned with)

thorns. )

from which lilies)

spring. j

» signed with the/

cross. (

S. Nicasius of Rheims.

S. Ursicinus of Ravenna.

S. Grata.

Judith.

S. Maria Vilani, S. Teresa.

SS. Gertrude of Eisleben,

Maria Maddalena de' Paz-

zi, Teresa.
S. Augustine.

S. Francis of Sales.
S. Vitalis of Ratisbon.
S. Bridget of Sweden.

» » » » I. H. S.^

Heavenly Host before him.
Helmet (Coroneted) at his/
feet. >

» near.

» (Redhol)

Her.mit. As

\ S. Ignatius. S. Jeanne de
\ Chanlal.
S. Dunstan.

S. Elzear.

S. Gilbert.

S. Julian of Ancyra.

SS. Anthony, Deodatus of
Nola, Ephreim, Fiacrius,
Guido of Ravenna, Her-
vacus, Julian Hospitator,
Ivan. Nathanael, Pacho-

118

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIHUTES.

Hermit. As

» dressed in skins.

» will] blacksmiths)
tools. \

» in a \vilderness.

» hollow tree.

i

» hare in his sleeve.

» with lui'ners' tools

» » cobblei's' »

» » masons' »

» making baskets.

>> grinding corn.

» cave near.

» wild animal.

» wolf bringi ng)
sheepskin. ]

» lions digging)
grave )

» tapei's near.

» stinging nettles.

» Augustinian habit

chains round his)

waist. \

» stone hung l»yi
chain round his
neck. '

» iron ring round/
body. S

» chained to a rock.

mius, Pauhnus of Nola,
Pelagia mima, Simon
Salus, Sophronia.
S. Aljraham oi' Chidane. S.
Hilarion.

s.

Apelles.

s.

Arsenius, S. Giinther.

SS. Bavon, Gerlacus, Zui

rardus.

S.

Albert of Siena.

S.

Bernard of Tironia.

s.

Easens.

s.

Marinus.

s.

Deodolus.

s.

Candidus.

s.

Beatus.

s.

Flore ns of Strasburg.

S. Mark the Hermit.

S. Macarius of Rome.

S. Macarius of Alexandria.
S. John ab Urtica.
S. John Gonzales.

S. Utho.

S. Girardus.

S. Gregory the Hermit.
S. Martin the HermiL

Ar.PIIABETlCAr. r.IST OV ATTHIBUTES.

119

» on a I'ook.

» on a pillai*. \

» lying on stones ;)

scourge. (

» onadesertisland.
» stone coffin neai*.
» tliornbush »
» hut near, falcon >

on roof. S

» stall and bread.
» long staff.
» holding apple.
» model of Church.
» golden rays round)

head. )

» cloud over him.
» crown neai'.
» bags of money.
» axe.
» thrown out of/

window. \

» bull beside him.

» clad in leaves.

» » in the habit of a/
monk. (

High Priest. As

Hill. Standing on a

HiNu near.

S. Martinianus.
S. Patrocius, S. Theodolus
Stylita.

S. Peter Damian.

S. Sturmius.

S. Gualfardus.

S. Nicolas von der Flu he.

S. Otho of Ariano.

S. Gall.
S. Sebald.
S. Sabas.
S. Caradoc.

S. Demetrius of Spoleto.

S. Secundus.

S. Procopius of Bohemia.

S. Theodosius.

S. Trutpertus,

S. Serapion.

S. Raincrius.

S. Onofrio, S. Paul the
Hermit.

S. Marina,

Aaron, Melchisedec.

S. David of Wales, S. Ger-

mana.
S. Giles, S. Procopius of
Bohemia.

120

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

Holy Water. Sprinkling ai
prisoner's chainsV
with 1

» vessel &asperge

S. Evermand.

Hooks (instruments of tor

ture).
Horn of Sacrament (con-)

secrated oil for) S. Cornelius.

anointing). '

Horse kneeling before the/

altar. \

S. Martha.

SS. Eulalia, Felicianus, Va-
rus, Vincent.

S. Berardus.

near.

Horseback. On

» boy behind him.

Host or consecrated wafer.J

(Holding the) i

» » » brought to)

him by a dove.<

Hourglass. Holding an

Hungarian costume. In

Huntsman. As

Hut NEAR,Falcon on the roof

SS. Irene, Ivan, Philibert,
Severus of Avranches.

SS. Benignus of Rome,
Hermes, James the Great,
Martin of Tours, Simpli-
cius, Theodore of He-
raclea.

S. Gregory of Armenia.
SS. Barbara , Bertinus ,
Burckhard, John Gonzales.

S. Albert of Ogna.

S. John Stylita.

S. Emmerich. S. Stephen of

Hungary.
S. Germain of Auxerre. S.

Hubert.
S. Otho of Ariano.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES. 121

SS. Fulgentius, Irene, Julian
of Antiocli , Melitina, Naza-
iDOLs underfoot or over-) ^.^^ ^ ^elsus, Possido-
thrown. ) ^-^^^ Urban, Victor of

V Marseilles, Willehad.
I. H. S. See Monogram.

Image of the B. V. Mary) _ ,^ • .• ^ t-. i

HQl^irig ( ^' I^yazinth. S. Rupert.

» of Jupiter. Over-

turning

S. Sabinus.

Incense (Holding) in herj

hand over the fire. ^ ^- ^yi'^^'^-

Indians near. S. Francis Solamis.

Infant Saviour appearing) ^ „ , , ^ ^ . i

to him S. Edmund of Canterbury.

» » m/

ragged garments!

S. Peter of Antioch.

( SS. Antony of Padua, Cathe-

» Carrying the I;'"" f Bolog"a, Felix a

Cantaliccio, Joseph, Joan-
na of Valois.

i

on his shoulders.! ^- ChHstopher.

» giving her aj S. Catherine of Alexandria,
ring. ( S. Catherine of Siena.

» Offering red'

and Avhite rosesv S. Francis of Assisi.
to the )

» Receiving in)
the temple the \ Simeon.

12-2

ALPHAHETICAL LIST OF ATTIUHUTES.

Insignia. Royal or princely

and
on

with
bead.

ci'own

or Willi 3 ci'owns

cROwn at her feet.

crown near,
and as Abbess.

» crown and sceptre

SS. Amadeus, Catherine of
Sweden, Clotilde, Edili mid,
Edmund the Martyr,
Edward tlie Confessor,
Ehsabeth of Portugal, Em-
nieiMch, Ei'ic of Sweden,
Ethelbert, Etheh'eda, Felix
of Valois.Ferdinand of Ca-
stile, Fintanus, Guntpani,
Hildegund of Fiance. Isa-
bella, Joanna of Valois,
Ladislaus, Leopold, Lud-
milla. Margaret of Scot-
land, Matilda, Melchisedec,
Oda, Olaf, (Oswald, Pul-
cheria , Richard, Sigis-
inund, Sitha, Theodora
Augusta, Theopliuno,The
three Kings. David. Solo-
mon, Hezekiali.

SS. Adidaide, Canute, Jua-
iijda, Louis of France,
Kunigunda. Margaret,
Quatuor Coronati, Susan-
na, Ursula, Heinrich. He-
lena,

SS. Elisabeth of Hungary,
Hemma.

SS. Radegund, Florentius,
Judicael.

S. Febronia. S. Herraengild.

S. Gisela.

SS. Casimir, Dagoberi,
Steidien of Hungary.

AT.l'FIABETICAL LIST OF ATTPIRUTES 123

» cpown and mantle. S. Hedwig.

» sceptre. S. Cswin.

» sceptPG and <]^lobc. S. Lucius.

» and as Benedictine. S. Cloud.

\ S. Edith. S. Gertrude of
( Nivelle.

Instruments. Mathematical. S. Anatolius, S. Bede.

» Sui"£::ical SS. Cosmo & Damian.

» of toptui'e. S. Ludolph.

Iron (Redhot) on her breast. S. Calliopa.

» » Holding S. Richardis.

Irons round nook & ai*ms. S. Theodosius.

Isr.AND. On a desert S. Sturmius.

Ivy leaves. An apron of S. Onofinus..

.Jackdaw wich bi'oken Aving. S. Bui'ckhai'd of Mui'i.
Jacob's Ladder Pointing out)

to iiis monks a \
Jar. Holding a S. Goar.

Jars (Earthen) neu». SS. Justa & Rufina.

» (Two) slung found hisV

neck. S

Javelin n3ai\ S. Philomena. S. Minias.

Jawbone of an ass. Samson.

SS. Louis Gonzago, Francis,

S. Romuald.

S. John de Deo.

Jesuit Order. In the habit
of the

Boi^gia, Francis Regis,
Xavier, Ignatius Loyola,
lohn de Goto, Stanislaus,
Kostka.

124 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

Jewels. Burning her

» near.

» in a cup.
Jug. near.
;> BroUen

S. Thais.

S. Pelagia of Antioch.

S. Lupus.

S. Felix of Nola.S. Narcissus.

S. Portianus.

k:

Key. Holding a
Keys. Holding

» at the girdle.
King at his side.

Kmfe. Holding a

Knight As a
Knives. A wheel set

with

S. Benignus. S. Sitha.

S. Peter.

S. Hippolytus. S. Martha.

S. Wolfram of Sens.

SS. Abraham, Albert of Ver-
celli, Alto, Bartholomew,
Christina, Moses, ^ih-
iops.

S. Bavon.

S. Catherine of Alexandria.

Ladder near or Holding a^
» with angels on it.

Lamb beside (

Lamp. Holding a j

S. Emeran, S. John Cli-
inacus.

S. Bathildis. Jacob.

SS. Asnes, Joanna, John
Baptist.

S. Bridget of Kildare. S. Lu-
cia, The Ten Virgins.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

125

to which clings aj
(ieiiion. j

» an unlighted

Lance. Holding a (generally
as a sign of mar
tyrdom).

» or spear. Pierced by
Lances. Pierced by two
Lead ("Pieces of) hung round J
his neck to drownl
hinrt. \

Leaves. Clad in

(

Leopards (see Lions).
Lepers. Feeding
» Washing
LiGHT(Heavenly>hed round.
» over their bodies.
» in his hand.
Lights. Holding a wheel set)
with \

» (stag with 12) on his)
antlers. \

Lightning. Angel intercept-/
ing a flash of )
» Angel shields
I'rom

S. Gudule.

S. \ihis.

SS. Abbundius, Adalbert
Canute, Coronatus, De-
metrius.Donatianus, Eme-
ran, Eulogius, Euphemia,
Gerhard, G e r main of
Granvelle, John de Goto,
Lambert, Longinus, Mat-
thew, Matthias, Pancras
of Rome. Thomas.

S. Babaea.
S. Benign us.

S. Justus.

S. Onofrius, S. Paul the
Hermit.

S. Eberhard.

S. Erentrudis.

S. Rosalia.

The two S. Ewalds.

S. Albert Siculus.

S. Donatius.

S. Ida of Toggenburg.

S. Nicetius of Treves.

S. Hugh of Clugny, S. Hugh
of Lincoln.

126

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ArTKTBL^TES.

Lily. Holding a (\)

» Holding shield on which|
is a (

V Holding a heart from)
which springs a\

» (Golden) inscribed withi
Ave Maria on hig>
grave. \

Lilies. Angel holding shield>
on which are em-
blazoned threei
(Fleur de lys),

» and roses falling from^
his mouth. S

» Holding a crucifixtwin-j
ed with \

SS. Albert Siculus, Anthony
of Padua. Cajetan of
Thiena, Casimir, Cinthia,
Clara, Dominic, Elzear,
Ethelreda, Francis of As-
sisi, Francis Xavier, Ger-
trude of Nivelle, John
Baptist, Louis Gonzaga,
Minias, Philip Bonitius-
Piiilomena, Pulcheria,
Scholastica, Stanislas
Kostka.

S. Simplicius.

S. Viialis of Ratisbon.

S. William of MontpeHier.

S. Clotilda.

S. Angelus.

S. Nicholas of Tolentino.

(1) The Lilv as emblem of purity is common to many saints. It
is however specially characteristic of those above named Being
the attrthutp of the B V. M. it is placed near saints distinguished
for devotion to her.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTaiBUTES.

127

» Holding a crucifix)
whence spring 3.(
» Holding thv»ee
» Robe embroidered witli
» Wand blossoming into
Linen. Holding a piece of
Lion at her feet.
» beside him carry ng a)
basket.

» near.

(

» Torn by a

» (Winged) as symbol.
Lioness near.
LioNs. In the den of

» lick his feet.

» (Two) dig his grave.

» (Two) near.

» and leopards round)
her. \

Lips. A lock through his
Loaf. Holding a
Loaves beside him.

» Carrying j

» Holding three

» » » on a)

book. (

» Holding (hi*ee on a

baker's shovel.

S. Carlomannus.

S. Clara of Montefalco.

S. Bertha.

S. Joseph.

S. Hunna.

S. Gertrude of Aldenburg.

S. Gerasimus.

SS. Adrian, Ignatius, Jero-
me, Joel, Natalie, Perpe-
tua, Venantius of Tours,
Vitus.

S. Silvanus.

S. Mark.

S. Basil the Martyr.

Daniel. S. Pontianus.

S. Eubulus.

S. Macarius of Rome.

S. Prisca.

S. Marciana.

S. Raymond Nonnatus.
S. Genevieve of Paris.
S. Arnulf of Metz.
S. Nicholas of Tolentino.

S. Nottburga.
S. Stephen, S. Mary of Egypt.

S. Nicholas of Bari.
S. Honorius of Amiens.

128

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

» Holding a dish on)

which are eight ) ^' Godfrey of Cappenberg.

Locksmiths tools near. S. Apelles. S. Baldomer.

Loom neai*. S. Athanasia.

M

Magic Books. Burning oiM
trampling under-/
foot his '

Maidens. At her side two/
little (

Man with a pickaxe lying)

near. \

» undei" her feet (Emp.)

Maximin). )

Mans clothes. In

Mantraps beside him.

Manger and Ass near.

Marble workers. As

Martyrs. Burying

» Collecting or wip-)

ingupthebloodof)
Mask. Trampling on a
Masons tools. Holding
Mathematical instruments)

and globes near. ^,
Merced. (La) In the habit of/

the Order of \
Mice near.
Mill near.

S. Cyprian of Antioch.

S. Waltrudis.
S. Rumold.

S. Catherine of Alexandria.

S. Hildegund.

S. Temistocles.

S. Marcellus.

S. Potianus and S. Neme-

sianus.
SS. Basilissa & Anastasia.

S. Praxedes & S. Pudentiana.

S. PorphjTius mima.
S. Marin us.

S. Anatolius. S. Bede.

S. John Zorroga, S. Peter

Nolasco.
S. Gertrude of Nivelle.
S. Ursus of Cahors.

AT.PHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

129

Millstone. Bound to a

» near. j

» Standinj? on a

MiNiMEs. In the habit of the)

Order of (

Mitres (Three) on his book)

or at his feet. \
Mirror before his breast.
Missionary (As) with Stafii

and Book of the/

Gospels. ;

Model of a Church. Car-j
rying

» » » with 4 towers
Monasteries (Two) divided

by a river.
Moneybags near.

Monk. In the habit of a

Monogram I. H. S. on a tablet
surrounded by!
rays.

» » on a heart.

» » in a sun on his
breast or hand or
in the sky.

■(

S. Aurea, S. Christina.
S. Quirinus of Sisset, S.

Victor of Marseilles.
S. Vincent.

S. Francis de Paula.

S. Benard of Clairvaux. ,
S. Geminianus.

S. Patrick.

SS.Aribert, BathiIdis,Begga,
Caradoc, Chad. Cunibert,
of Cologne, Geminianus,
Godfrey of Cappenberg,
Hedwig, Henry, Isabella,
Leopold, Nicholas of Bari,
Paschalis, Sebald, Seve-
rius, Virgilius.

S. Maternus.

S. Benedict Biscop.

Theodosius.

SS. Euphrosyne of Alexan-
dria, Marina, Theodora of
Alexandria.

S. Bernardino of Siena.

S. Ignatius.

S. Ignatius Loyola.

130

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

Monstrance or Pyx. Hold-\
ing a j

» » or Chalice

^ Kneeling before a
» before him in a)
vision. \

Moon. (The) over them.

Moor. As a

Mortar. Crushed in a
Mothers. (The two before)
him) ]

Mountain. Removing a

(see also Vesuvius).
Musical Instruments. Hold-)
inj? or near \

SS. Clara, Lanfranc, Maclo-
vius, Stephen the Pope,
Thomas Aquinas.

S. Norbert.

S. Fi'ancesca Romana.

S. Pascal Raylon.

S. Juliana of Liege, S. Wil-

librod.
S. Moses, .tthiops, S.Victor

of Milan. One of the Magi.
S Victorinus of Corinth.

Solomon.

S. Gi'ecrorv Thaumaturgus.

S. Cecilia.

N

Nail. Holding a

» in head.
» » » and hand.
Nails driven through his)
shoes. \

» Forging arrows out of
» Holding three

f SS. Beatrice of Este, Da-
gobei't, Dionysius (one of
the7sleepers).Epimachus,
Helena, Pacianus of Bar-
celona.

S. Julian Emesenus.

S. Severus of Rome.

S. Eutropius.

S. Otto.

S. John Capistran.

ALlntABETlCAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

131

»

Pierced by

S.

Fausta.

Neck pierced by a sWord.

S.

Aquiluine.

Net

ill

her hand.

S.

Blandina.

Nettles near

S.

John ah Urtica.

Nose

:(Cutting off her) and lip.

S.

Ebba.

Nun.

As a

S.

Mary of Oignies.

»

»

angel wounds heart.

s.

Maria Vilani.

»

»

with a beard.

s.

Galla of Rome.

»

»

with a Ijurning heart.

s.

Teresa.

»

»

with a cross.

s.

Monica.

»

»

» a double cross.

s.

Bona.

»

»

» crown

s.

Bathildis.

»

»

» & royal mantle.

s.

Hedwig.

»

»

» crown of thorns)
and a rose. \

s.

Rosa of Lima.

»

»

» distaff.

s.

Syncletica.

»

»

» heart.

s.

Bridget of Sweden.

»

»

» the instruments)
of the Passion S

s.

Margaret of Cortona.

»

»

kneeling before the)
monstrance. (

s.

Francesca Romana.

»

»

with Lily &. Abbess's )
staff. \

s.

Scholastica.

»

»

praying.

s.

Melania of Rome.

»

»

with princely insignia

s.

Gertrude of Nivelle.

»

»

raven or stag near.

s.

Ida of Toggenburg.

»

ri

ed hot tripod near.

s.

Jutta.

»

V

with a rose.

s.

Rosa of Viterbo.

»

»

with a rose.

s.

Elisabeth of Portugal.

»

»

with royal insignia.

s.

Edith.

»

»

» serpent & bird.

s,

Hilda.

»

»

seroent feedinsr from)

her basket.

S. Verdiana.

132

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

» with a spoon.
» » a stone.
» » two little girls.
» » two stags near.
» washing lepers.
Nun or Sisters of Charity.

S. Amelberga.

S. Euphrasia.

S. Waltrudis.

S. Macrina.

S. Erentruda.

S. Vincent de Paul.

Oak Tree (Hollow) near.
Obelisk or Pillar. On ov}
near an (

Oil flask Holding a small
» » Over him ado ve(
with an \

» SPOON. Holding an

» cALDRON.Standing near
or in an

Ointment. See Box of Oint-
ment.
Olive branch. Holding an
» TREE. Bound to an)
(or a palm) (

» Crowned with
Old men. See Aged men.

S. Gerlacus.

S. Daniel St3dita, S. Simon
Stylita.

S. Walburgis.

S. Remigius.

S. Euphemia.

jS. Felicitas, S. Vitus, (1) Sa-
/ lome mother of the seven
f Maccabees who are in it.

S. Oliva.

S. Pantaleon.

S. Agnes.

(1) There is confusion between S. Felicitas and her 7 sons who
were martyred A D. 173, and the 7 Maccabees. The Ch .- of S Fe-
licita at Florence is on the site of a chapel dedicated to the
" Sette Maccabes " and their mother is sometimes called S. Fe-
licita.

ALPiIABF.TIC.VI. LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

133

Oratorian Order. In the)
habit of tlie (
Otter near.
Ox. Dragged bv an

\

» neai\

» or hon near.
» or tigei* near.
» as SNniibol.
Oxen (Herds of) behind Jiim.
» (Two) near.
» Angels ploughing)
with white (

S. Philip Neri.

S. Cuthbei't.

S. Satui'ninus.

S. Blandina, Etto, Frides-
wide, Julitta, Rainierus,
Silvester. Tryphoena.

S. Perpetua.

S. Taiirinus.

S. Luke.

Mi cab.

S. Sebald.

S. Isidore.

Palm tree. Bound to a (or)
an olive) \

» » Nailed to a

Palm branch (1)
» » sprouting fi'om)
his neck.

S. Pantaleon.

S. Paphnutius the Martyr.

S. Ursicinus of Ravenna.

(1) The Palm, the ancient classical symbol of victory and triumph,
was early assumed by the Christians as the universal symbol of
martyrdom (See Rev. vii, 9). In pictures of martyrdoms an angel
descends with the palm; it is figured on the tombs of early mar-
tyrs, and placed in the hands of those who suffered in the cause
of truth as expressing their final victory over the powers of sin and
death. It varies in form from a small leaf to a branch, almost
a tree. »

Mrs. Jameson's. Sacred and Legendnry Art. p. 32.

134 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTPIBLTES.

Parchment. Holding a
Patriarch. As <

Peacocks FEATHER.Holding a
Peacock's tail near.

Peasant. In the di»ess of aj

Pen in his hand.
Penitent (As) burning her)
jewels. )

PEOPLE.Preaching to the
Phial. (See bottle).

Physician. As

Pig near.
Pigs. Tending.

Pilgrim As

Pillar. Holding a
» near.

>N (Fiery) over his head.

» Standing on a
Pillars. Between two

Pincers. Holding

Micah.

SS.Cyril of Alexandria, Lau-
rence, Justniian, Meth-
odius.

S. Barbara.

S. Liborjus.

SS. Albert of Ogna, Guido
of Anderlecht, Isidore,
Nottburga , Philaretus ,
Wernes.

S. Gregory of Totirs.

S. Thais.

S. Severinus.

SS. Cosmo & Daniian, Pan-
taleon.

S. Anthony.

S. Florentinus of Scotland.

SS.Colman,Davinus,Engel-
iTiund, James the Great,
Richard with his 2 chil-
dren, Roch, Veronus,
^Villibald the Bishop.

S. \Verner.

S. John Stylita.

SS. Briocus, Cuthbert,
Ephrem.

S. Patroclus, S. Simon Sty-
lites, S. TheodulusStylites.
S. Athanasius.

SS. Agatha, Baldamor,Cha-
ritina, Christina, Felicia-
mis, Macra, Martina.

i

1

ALPIIAftEllCAL LIST OF ATTRlHUTbS.

135

Holding a tooth in

tongue in

»

» »

Pitcher fBpoken) near.
Plague smitten people near.
» SPOT. Pointing to bis
Plough (Drawing a) with)
an ox. )

» drawn b}^ a bear.
» » » stags.

» » » stag and/

wolf. i
» shares near . ov)
walking on red hot\
Poison cup in his hand.
Pole. In the dress of a
Pomegranate. Holding a
Pond. Bishop thrown into a
Poor. Dividing treasure^
among the V

» (Feeding the) and)
lepers. (

Pope. As

Possessed. Healing the (

S. Apollonia.

S. Loevinus.

S. Agathos.

S. Charles Borromeo.

S. Roch.

S. Pilaretus,

S. James of Tarentaise.
S. Ecianus.

S. Ren tiger n.

S. Cunigunda.

S. Joseph Barsabas.

S. Casimir.

S. John de Deo.

S. Hippoh'tus of Porto.

S. Gun tram.

S. Ever hard.

SS. Alexander, Cajus, Ca-
lixtus, Clement of Rome,
Cornelius, Eleutherius ,
Evaristus, Fabian, Fehx,
Gregory the Great, Leo,
Leo III, Linus, Marcellus,
Martin, Paschalis, Peter
Ceelestine, Pius, Silvester,
Sixtus, Stephen the Pope,
Telesphorus, Urban.

SS. Aper, Arnulf of Sois-
sons, Deodatus of Nola,

136

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

Possessed. Healing the

Pot of Holy water andj

Aspei'ge. ]

» (Earthenware) near.

» (Redhot) being placed^

on his head. )

Premonstratensian order.
In the habit of the ^

Priest. As

» with arrow
» » bear carrying his)
pack. S

» bradawl.
» carrying his head
» » a child.

» chalice on breast.
» children near.
» club with spikes
» dragged by horses
» five stars.
» healing the pos-)
sessed. \

» jackdaw with bro-/
ken wing. )

»

»

»
»
»
»

Geminianus, Hilduph of
Treves, Hugh of Clugny,
John Thaumaturgus, Li-
nus,Mathurinus ofNantes,
Melanius of Rennes, Va-
lerianus of Forli, Vir-
gilius.

S. Martha.

SS. Justa and Rufina.

S. Ammon.

SS. Adrian Becan, Gertrude
of Aldenburg, Gilbert,
Godfrey of Cappenburg,
Hermann Joseph, Nor-
bert, Siardus.

S. Amabilis.

S, Faustus-

S. Humbert of Marolles.

S. Gabinius.

S. Ursicinus of Ravenna.

S- Vincent de Paul.

S. Lucianus of Beauvais.

S. Joseph of Casalang.

S. Nicomedes.

S. Hippolytus.

S. John of Nepomuck.

S. Mathurinus of Nantes.
S. Burckhard of Muri.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

137

•' k<'V. S. Benignus.

^, A SS. Petep Exorcista & Mar
» palms (together) ,,. .

^ \ o , /| cellinus.

» red-hot pot on head S. Ammon.

» roll of paper.

» saving sinking!

ship. (

S. Valentine of Rome.

The two S. Ewalds.

S. Theophilus.

SS. Faustinus and Jovita.

S. Eutychius.

Simeon.

S. Ivo of Rennes.
S. Castor.

» sword.

» sword and club.

» tongue cut out.

» » wild beasts.
» » » » in circus.
» » Jewish high Priest
Priestly Vestment. Re-i
ceiving from the?
B. V. M. a J

Prisoner. (See Chains.)

Purse. Holding a

Purses. Three

Prophet. As

Pyx. (See Monstrance.)

S. IldefonsQ.

SS. John Elemosinarius,
Joseph, MattheWjThomas
of Villanova.

S. Nicolas of Bari.

Amos, Daniel, Elijah, Eze-
kiel, Isaiah, Jeremiah,
Joel, Jonah, Malachi, Mi-
cah, Obadiah.

a

Queen OF Sheba beside him. Solomon.

R

Rain. (Bringing down) by
his prayers.

S. Agericus. S. Heribert.

138

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

Ram near.

» with four horses.
Ram's-skin. Bowing before a
Rationale with words Spes)
Fides Cariias on>
his breast. i

Raven with bread in its beak
> bringing food.
» near.

» with ring in its beak.j

» shewing the way.

» sitting on tree over)

his head. \

Ravens hovering round ai

dead man whom.

he restores to hfe;

» (Two) near.

Rays from consecrated wa-)

fer falling on her>

breast. )

» (Golden) round his)

head. ]

» like horns on his head.

Razor. Holding a |

Redemptorist Order. In the)
habit of the i

Ring in raven's beak. -

» (Iron) round his body.

» Receiving from the In-i
fant Saviour or,-
holding a i

Abraham.

Daniel.

Gideon.

S. Willibald.

S. Benedict.

Elijah. S. Paul the Hermit.

S. Vincent.

S. Ida of Toggenburg. S.

Oswald.
S. ^Villiam Firmatus.

S. Auxentius.

S. Labentius.
S. Meinhard.
S. Francesca Romana.

S. Demetrius of Spoleto.

Moses.

S. Arcadius. S. Pamphy-
lius. S. Varus.

S.Raymond Nonnatus.

S. Ida of Toggenburg. S.

Oswald.
S. Gregory the Hermit.

S. Catherine of Alexandria.
S. Catherine of Siena.

ALPHAHETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES

139

RivEii. Foi'rylni:^ travellers)
across a (

» Standing beside a
» Wading across a
Robbers. BiiPnt with two.
Rock. Chained to a
» (On a) in the sea.
■-> Taking refuge in a)
cleft. i

Rod. Holding a

» » budding.

» » with blossoms.

Rods. Beaten with
» An Angel frees him,
fi'om being beaten
with.

Roll. Holding a

Roman Actor. As a
» Maiden »

soldier. As

S. Julian Hospitator.

S. Remain of Rouen.

S. Christophei*.

S. Nemesius.

S. Martin the Hermit.

S. Martinianus

S. Ariadne.

Jeremiah.
Aaron.
S. Joseph.
S. Candida.

S. Eleutherius.

SS. Catherine of Alexandria,
Hermas, Ivo of Rennes,
Nahum, Solomon.

S. Genesius.

S. Petronilla.

SS. Adanctus, Adrian, Alex-
ander, Constantinus, Eu-
doxius, Eustace, Florian,
Gordianus, Isidore of
Chios, John & Paul, Ju-
lius, Leontius, Longinus,
Macedonius & Theodulus,
Nazarius & Celsus, Pro-
ciilus,Quintinus, Quirinus
of Rome, Theodore of
Heraclea, Tiburtius, Tor-
pe, Valerianus o/ Forli,

140 ALPIIAB^.TICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

Varus, Victor of Mar-

s^eilles, Victor of Milan,

soldier. As ^ Zeno of Nicoinedia., Zeno,

of Philadelphia,
senator. As S. Basilides.

youtlis. As SS. Nepeus c^ Achilleus.

/ SS. Beatrice, Colman, De-

\ sideriusofVienne, Elzeal^

Rope. Holding a \ Ezekiel, Maximus of Salz-

burg, Sira.
round her neck. S. Godoleva.

» to which are suspend-) ^ j^^n de Deo.
ed two jars. \

Rosary. Holding a S.Didacus of Alcala,S. Sitha.

Rose without thorns in) ^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ Canterbury.

hand. :

Roses & lu.ies falling from! ^ ^,,,,^1^^,
his mouth. ^ "

» Carrying a basket of S. Elisabeth of Hungary.

^ SS. Ascylus, Victoria, Cecil-
» Crowned with j -^^^ Rosalie.

\ S. Elisabeth of Portugal. S.
» in her hand. j ji^^g^ of Lima.

» in her lap. S. Casilda.

» » » » or hand. S. Rosa of Viterbo.

» near (or ci^owned with) S. Dorothea.

» Otiering to the Infant,

Saviour red and) S. Francis of Assisi.

white

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

141

s

Sack full of serpents near.
» Thrown into the sea)
in a (

Sacrament. An Angel brings!
him the Blessed.*
» Distributing the
Blessed

Sacred

Pictures near
(Holding)

or;

» Vessels. Breaking
» » Carrying

Salmon (Holding a) with a)
ring in its gill. (
Salt box. Plolding a
Salver OR DiSH.Carryingher/
breasts on a (
» » Carrying her)
eyes on a (
Saviour. Holding a picture)
of the (

» and theB.V.M. (Hold- j
ing a picture of the) \
» (The) holding an|
axe appears to him.(
» (The) with the B.i
V. M. before him[
in a vision. )

(See also Infant Saviour).

S. Julian of Cilicia.

S. Arianus. S. Vitalianus.

S. Bonaventura. S. Mark
the Hermit.

S. Gaudentius of Rimini.

SS. Andrew of Crete, Hed-
wig, John Gualberto. Me-
thodius, Tarasius.

S. Humbert.

S. Accacius.

S. Kentigern.
S. Rupert.

S. Agatha.

S. Lucia.

S. John Gualberto.

S. Hedwig.

S. Hermann Joseph.

S. Anselm.

142

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

Saw near.

Scallop shell. With a

Scapular. Holding a

» ( Throwing his );

round the necl^!

of a dragon.
School apparatus and style j

near. *

Scorpions near.

Scourged with

Scourge. Holding a

» (Holding) loaded)

Avith balls. )
» near.

» and instruments of)
penance near. \
Scourges. Beaten with)
leaden )

» Holding

Screw press Under a
Sculptor. As a
Sculptor's Tools. With
Scythe Holding a
Sea. His body thrown into the
» Riding on a wheel)

over the
» Drowned in the

» standing by the

Isaiah, S. Simon the Apostle.
S. James the Great.
S. Simon Stock.

S. Romain of Rouen.

S. Cassian.

Habbakuk.

SS. Processus and Martin-
ianus.

SS. Ambrose, Dorotheus of
Tyre, Hes^xhius, Matilda,
Peier, Damian, Severa,
Timothy.

S. Eudoxius.
S. Marcella.

S. Peter of Alcantara.

S. Cai'pophorus, S. Con-
cordia.
SS. Gervasius & Protasius.
SS. Jonas & Barachisius.
S. Castorius.
SS. Quatuor Coronati.
S. ValentJus, S. Wolstan.
S. Zeno of Philadelphia.

S. Germain of Amiens.

S. Apollonius.

S. Gertrude of Nivelle, S.

Winwaloc.

AT.PIIABETICAL LIST OF ATTPIBUTES

143

» standing on a cloak
on the I

» thrown in a sack into the
» Walking on the

Senator. As a Roinm
Serpent. Lifting up the brazen

» creeping out of a jug.

» » » well.

« hekl by an angel.

Holding a large di^a-

gon ov \

» rising out of chalice.
» Throwing his sca-
pular round a dra
gon or
Serpents at his feet.

SS. Francis de Paula, Ray-
mond of Pennaibrte, Se-
bald.

S. Afianus, S. Vitalianus.

S. Aldegund, S. Biinnus.

S. Peter of Alcantai*a.

S. Basilides.

Moses.

S. Poi'tianus.

S. Remadus.

S. Leontius.

S. Amandus of Maestricht.
S. John.

S. Remain of Rouen.

S. Patrick.

S. Hilary of Poitiei^s. S. Pir-

Banishing

minus.

(Changing) into )
gold.^ \

S. Spiridion.

feeding fi'om her|
basket. \

S. Verdiana.

in a sack.

S. Julian of Cilicia.

t

S. Anatolia, Habbakuk, S

neai\

Paternus.

and birds near.

S. Hilda.

wild beasts near

S. Magnus.

orinhei'hand.

S. Christina.

Surrounded by

S. Phocas of Antioch,

Treading on

S Didymus.

Shears. Holding

S. Agatha, S. For'unatus.

144

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

Sheep. Keeping

» neap.

» Preacliing to the

Shepherds. As

Shepherdess. As
Shepherd's Crook (Holding

a) and Sword.
Shield. Holding a
» » with a lily.

» » with a 2 head-)

ed eagle. ^
» (Angel holding a))

with3fleui*delys.^
» on his breast.

Ship. Holding a

» Alone on a
» On a burning
» Saving a sinking
Shoemaker. (Healing the*
hand of a) whichf
the awl hadi
pierced. i

Shoemaker's awl. Holding a

tools near.

Shoes. Carrying her

» with nails or spikes.^
Sick man. Carrving a

Amos,S. Patror^lus, S. Wen-

delinus.
S. Regina.

S. Apollinaris of Ravenna.
S. Aldericus.Amos.SS.Bene-

zet, Drago, Florens.
S. Genevieve of Paris.

S. Andrew Corsini.

S. Pancras.
S. Simplicius.

S. Weuceslaus.

S. Clotilde.

S. Peier of Xolasco.

SS. Bertulphus, John of

England, Warenfridus.
S. Laurence of Ireland.
S. Restituta.
S. Castor, S. Constable.

S. Anianus of Alexandria.

S. Simon Stork.

SS. Aquila and Prisca, Cris-
pin & Crispinian, Euseus^
Theobald.

S. Hedwig.

SS. Eutropius , Sergius ,
Sozon.

S. Edward the Confessor.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES

145

Sick, Comforting the
» Healincr the

» people near.

Sickle. Cleaving
with a

a stone)

» Holding a

Sister of Charity at his feet.
Sinews cut eye torn out.
Skin, Carrying his own.

Skins. Clothed in

Skull near or holding a

» (Crownedy near

» Touching with hisj
staff a '

Slave in chains at his side

» (Freed) near.
Sling. Holding a
Smith* s tools near.
Smoke (Suffocated by) from)
burning braziers. i
Snakes and torches near.
Soap bubbles. Blowing
Soldier with drawn sword
beside her.
(see also Roman soldier)

S. Margaret of Scotland.

SS. Anselm of Lucca, Ar-
bogast, Bavon, Erhard,
Eustasius, Gilbert.

SS. Crescentius. Charles
Borromeus, Homobonus.

S. Albert of Ogna.

SS . Nottburga, Sidwell, Try-
phon, Werner.

S. Vincent de Paul.

S. Paphnutius.

S. Bartholomew.

SS. Abraham of Chidane,
Hilarian, John Baptist.

S. Daniel Stylites. S. Jerome,
S.Mary Magdalen, S.Phi-
lip Benitius.

S. Francis Borgia, S. Ni-
casius,

S. Macarius of Alexandria.

S. John de Matha.

S. Vincent de Paul.

David.

S. Dunstan, S. Zosimus.

S. Flavia Domitilla.

S. Anatolia.

S. Simon Sal us.

S. Euphrasia of Nicomedia.

146 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

Spade. Holding a

Sparrow near.
Spear. (See Lance.)
Spider spinning its web over)
the chalice. \

» in the chalice.
Spiders web before a cave.
Spike (Redhot iron) near.
» Holding a
» driven by the devil)
into his foot )
Spit. Holding a
Sponge » »
Spoon « »
Spring of water near or)
flowing from smit->
ten rock or ground!
Square. Holding a
Staff. Cleaving the ground/

with his

Holdino- a

\

I

» (Planting his) on the)
grave of S. Edward. i
Stag harnessed to a plough.
» and wolf » »

» near.

» with cross on its)
antlers. i

SS. Bertulphus,lsidore,Pau-
linus of Nola, Phocas of
Sinope.

S. Dominic.

S. Conrad of Constance.

S. Norbert.
S. Fehx of Nola.
S. Agathocles.
S. Spiridion.

S. Zenais.

S. Quintinus.

SS. Praxedes & Pudentiana.

S. Amelberga,S.Euphemia.

SS. Aldericus, Amatus, En-
gelmund, Jodocus, Lan-
dolin, Moses, Pirminus.

S. Matthew. S. Thomas.

S. Fiacrius.

SS. Anthony, Hosea, James
the Great, John Baptist,
Odilo, Patrick, Sebald.

S. Wolstan.

S. Ecianus.
S. Kentigern.

SS. Aidan, Julian Hospi-
tator, Syraeon.

S. Felix of Valois.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

14'

» » crucifix on its antlers.
» 12 lights ^> »
Stags (Two) near.

(See also Doe & Hind)

Stake sprouting (to which i

he was bound. )

Star Following a

» Holding up in both/

hands a (

» over his head. !

» » » OP on the)

breast. (

Stars (Seven) appear to him.

» C'.'owned by five
Statue. At work on a
Steps (Lying near a flight)

i

\

of) dying.
Stick. Holding a
» Sti'iking into lhe|

ground a

Stigmata. Marked with the.

Stole. Holding a

» Leading a dragon)

by a \

Stone. Cleaving with a/

sickle a )

» fastened to his arm.

Stone. Holding a

S. Eustace, S. Hubert.
S. Ida of Toggenburg.
S. Macrina.

S. Eutropius.
The Three Kings.

S. Suibertus.

S. Dominic, S. Peter of

Alcantara.
S. Athanasia. S. Nicolas of

Tolentino.
S. Hugh of Grenoble.
S. John Nepomuck.
S. Castor.

S. Alexis.

S. Gebhard of Costnitz.

S. Jodocus.

SS. Catherine of Siena,Fran-
cis of Assisi, Maria Mad-
dalena dei Pazzi.

S. Paul of Constantinople.

S. Paul of Leon.

S. Albert of Ogna.

S. Lucianus of Samosata.

SS. Barnabas, Euphrasia,
Gerhard, Jerome, Mat-
thias, Pancras of Taor-
mina. Zeno of Nicomedia.

148

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

y> hung to his neck

\

» (Large) in his arms.

» on his head.

» on his head or should-/
er or drapery or
at his feet. )

» Holding a red hot.

» (Swimming ^vith a)/
round her neck-S

» with seven eyes

Stoned. Being j

Stones. Carrying

» (Hung with) fasten-)
ed to his feet. ]
» in her lap.
» in his robe.
» Lying on

» near

» (Small) on a book

Stonemasons tools.

Storm. Stilling a
Storming party (Repelling

a) with a Crucifix
Stream near.
Styles. Pierced with

» and school appara-j

tus near. ]

Sun. (Holding a) in which)

is the sacred mono->

gram. )

SS. Adrian BecaUj Calixtus,

Girardus.
S. Bavon.

S. John of Sorroza.

S. Stephen.

S. Comgallus.

S. Eugenia.

Zechariah.
SS.Ananias,Corinthia Theo-

philus.
S. Paphinetius of Thebes.

S. Severianus.

S. Emerantiana.

S. Alphege.

S. Peter Daniian.

Jeremiah, S. Theodosia, S.

Timothy.
S. Liborius.

S. Laudrada, S. Quatuor

Coronati.
S. Philibert.

S. Ubaldus.

S. John Nepomuck.
S. Felix in Pincis.

S. Cassian.
S. Vincent.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

149

^ Oil liis breast.

» over his head.

» (staying the) in his

course.
Sunbeam. Hanging hisj

hat on a j

Surgical instruments.

Holding

Swan near.

Swineherd, As a

Sweet Odours. (See Box).

Sword as a si^n of Mar-

tyrdom.

Holding as warrior a
» and shep-
herd's crook.
» and banner.
» and head of
Holofernes

» and salm. ;

» and banner.

(Holding) between )
his teeth.

SS. Columban, Maximin of
Treves, Thomas Aquinas.

SS.Alban of England, S. Co-
lumban.

Joshua.
S. Goar.

SS. Cosmo & Damian.

S. Cuthbert, S. Hugh of Gre-
noble.
S. Adericus.

The Author gives the
names of 142 saints with
whom this is a symbol
or an attribute. I trans-
cribe only such as may
be recognised by some
additional sign.

S. ^milianus of Nantes.

S. Andrew Corsini.
S. Constantius.
Judith.

SS. Maximilian of Lorch,
Sigismund, Theodulus.

S. Ursus, S. William of
Aquitaine.

S. Juvenalis.

150

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

in breast or heart

in neck.
in head.

SS.Accursius, Eulaha, Justi-
na ot* Padua, Manuel,
Maura, Peter Paschalis,
Victoria.
S. AquiUnus, S. Lucia.
J S. Peter Martyr, S. Thomas
/ a Becket.

T

Tables of the Law. Hold-)
ing the \

Tablet with monogram &)
rays. (

Tablets. Angel gives him 2

Taper. Holding a

Tapers. (Burning) near.
Target (Holding) with cross)

on it. \

Temple (The) in course of)

building near. \
Theatine order. In the habit)

of the i

Thorn in his foot.

» bush near j

\
» » Grapes growmg on a

» » Tearing himself in a
Thorns. Lying among

Moses.

S. Bernardino of Siena.

S. Cyril the Carmelite.

SS. Blasius, Genevieve of
Paris, Macarius of Alex-
andria.

S. Arcadius.

S. Theodora Augusta.

Zachariah.

S. Andrew of Avellino.

S. Gerlacus.

S. Benedict, S.Nicholas von

der Fliihe.
S. Felix of Nola, S. Maxi-

mus of Nola,
S. Albert of Siena.
S. Andomarus.

ALPHABETICAL LtSt OF ATtRlBtlTES. 151

Tile. Holding a

TiOER and ox at his (eet

Tongs. Holding the deVil with
» (Red hot) in his hand*
(See also Pincers.)

Tongue cut out.

» Holding in pincers his
» & teeth being torn out
» Pointing to his torni
out (

» Speaking without a

Torch or torches near (or
Holding).

» Dog holding a flaming
» kindles spontaneous-)
ly on his grave. ]
Torches & snakes near.
» crucified & bui'nt;
with S

Tower near or holding a
» Holding a leaning
Treasure of gold near.
Tree. At his side a hollow

» Bound to a

» » by her hair.

» bursting into leaf near.

» Holding a small

» In a hollow

» of knowledge (Un-i

der the)
Trees. Bound to 2 bent

S. Eusebius of Samosata.

S. Taurinus.

S, Dunstan.

S. Pelagius of Cordova.

S. Leo HI, S. Theophilus.
S. Lieven.
S» Ariastasia.

S. Placidus.

S. Eusebius,

SS. Aur©a, Dioscurus, Eu-

tropia, Serapia, Theodo-

rus, Theodotus.
S. Dominic.

S. William of Roeschild.
S Anatolia.

S. Torpe.

S. Barbara^ S. Leocadia.

S. Petronius.

S. Supicinus.

S. Bavon.

SS. Afra, Angelus, Edmund.

Januarius, Sebastian.
S. ^oe.
S. Zenobius.
S. Salvator ab Horta.
S. Ulmer. S. Zuirardus.

Adam and Eve.

S. Marinus the Bishop.

152

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

» Torn between 2
Tree. Moving unaided thei

trunk of a large'
Trident. Holding a
Trinitarian Order. In the

habit of the
Tripod. Holding a redhot.
Turner's tools near.
Twig. Holding a

S. Corona
S. Deodatus.
S. Mammas.
S. Felix of Valois.

S. Jutta.

S. Bernard of Tironia.

S. Bibiana.

Unicorn at her side
Ursuline Order. In
habit of the

TJ

the

S. Justina of Antioch.
S. Angela.

Vallombrosa. In the habit)

of the Order of )

Veil. Dove holding up her

» Holding a

» Face covered with a

S. John Gualberto.

S. Adelgund.
S. Ludmilla.
S. Maranna.

Vessel or jAR.Holding or) ^^ poptunatus, S. Sisinus.

near a )

» Golden » »

» for medecine
(See also Sacred Vessels)
Vesuvius behind him.
Vine growing out of his grave.
» near.

S. Bernwardus.

SS. Cosmo & Damian.

S. Januarius.

S. Davinus.

S. Urban of Langres.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

153

V.R'i.N ?-lARy (The) as aj

ciiild beside her. \

» » Carrying the

» » appearing to him.

» » » her)

on her death bed.\

» » giving him gloves.

» » giving him a/

priestly vestment. \

» » Kneeling before)

a picture of the\

» » Holding an image)

of the \

» » Vision of the

Virgin and Child. Vision of the

» » » Holding pjc-^

ture of the i

Visitation. In the habit of)

the Order of the\

S. Anne.

S. Joachim.

S. Bernard of Clairvaux.

S. Verena.
S. Amadeus.
S. Ildefons.

[ S. Leandes of Seville.

SS. Hyacinth, John a Cruce,

Rupert.
S. Gotthard.
S. Anselm.

S. Hedwig.

S. Jeanne de Chantal,

^^r

Wafer. (Consecrated) See
Host.

V^ALL near. j

» (Standing on a) hold*)

ing a banner. )

» Kicking down a

Warclub. Holding a

Warrior Saints of the East.)

(The Chief) \

S. Anthony of Sorrento, S.
Venantius of Camerino.

S. Agnellus.

S. Germain of Amiens.
S. Vitalis.

SS. George, Theodore, De-
metrius. Mercurius.

154 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

» Saints of the WesM
(The Chief) )

Washing. Women beside him
WATER(Changing)into wine.j

» Heahng the sick by)
sprinkhng with. \

» Rescuing a man from)
the i

» Thrown into the

» Walking on the j

» With stone round herJ
neck swimming in^
the

Waterjars near.
» Carrying

Weapons.

Weaver 9 tools near. j

Well near.
» Driving a basihsk out)
of a \

» Snake glides out of a
» Thrown into a
Whale near.
Wheel near.

» (Broken) near.
» set with blades beside
» » » tapers »
Whirlwind. Dispersing by)
his prayers a \

SS. George,Maurice, Adrian,
Sebastian, Florian, Quiri-
nus, Longinus, Gereon.

S. James of Nisibi.

SS. Bertulphus, Marcellus
of Paris, Tomassus.

S. Anselm of Lucca.

S. Opportuna.

S. Theodosia.
SS. Bertinus, Maurus, Na-
zarus and Celsus.

S. Eugenia.

Obadiah. S. Narcissus.
S. Florian, S. Tomassus.

g. Potentiana of Villanova.
S. Severus of Ravenna.
S. Sidwell.

S. John of Remagen.

S. Remadus.

S. Calixtus, S. Gereon.

Jonah.

S. Euphemia.

S. Quintinus-

S. Catherine of Alexandria.

S. Donatus.

S. Albert of Siena.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTES.

155

Wild beasts. Surrounded by

Wild boar at his side.

» Sittin^T; on a
Winch of a handmill. Turn-/
ing tlie i

Windlass at iiis side.
WiNE-BARREL (A Small) near.
» BOTTLE beside him.
» CASK. Blessing a

(Bringing) to Abraham.

Window. Thrown out of

» Thro wing herself/

out of \

Wolf and ox drawing a)

carriage. \

» bound to an ass on)

which he rides. )

» brings back a lost calf.

» brings a sheepskin.

» near. j

» with a boy in its jaws.

» » a goose )> »

Woman at his feet.

» pouring out wafer.
Wood. On a pile of
Wound in the neck.

SS. Eutychius, Faustinus &
Jovita,Florentius of Stras-
burg, Januarius, Magnus,
Otto of Clugny, Tatian,
Thecla.

S. Deodolus. S. Emilion.

S. Quirinus.

S. Winocus.

S. Erasmus.
S. Othmarus.
S. Homobonus.
S. Willibrod.
Melchizedek.
S. Serapion.

S. Pelagia of Antioch.

S. Eustorgius.

S. Hervoeus.

S. Bernard of Tironio.
S. Mark the Hermit.
SS. Arnulph of Metz,William
of Monte Vergine, Vitus.
S. Simpertus.
S. Vedast.

S. Upsmarus of Lobbe.
S. Veronus.
S. Agnes.
S. Cecilia, S. Lucy.

15C) ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ATTRIBUTE?.

Isaac, SS. Julian of Cilicia,
. Julian Hospitator, Pan-
YouTH. As a ( ^^.^g qP Rome, Stanislas

f Kostka.
Youths. As Roman SS. Nereus & Achilleus.

^li

<o-^

IV.

Emblems of Angels,

Chamael or Chamuel -^ i. e.
one who sees God.

Gabriel ^ God is my
strength.

Haniel.

JopHiEL— The Beauty of God.

Michael -^ Who is hlie Unto
God?

Appeared to Christ in Geth-
semane -^ wrestled with
Jacob. Staff and Chalice.

The Messenger — sent to
foretel the birth of Sam-
son — Angel of the An-
nunciation to the B. V. M.
Lily.

Reed as sceptre and crown
of thorns.

Scourge and flaming sword
as guardian of the Tree
of knowledge, who drove
Adam and Eve out of
Paradise.

In armour — overcoming
the Dragon. Patron of
England, France, Jena,
Zeitz, Hall in Swabia, Ca-
stelnaudary , Constanti-
nople.

158

EMBLEMS OF ANGELS.

Raphael — The Medecine
of God.

Uriel — The Light of God.

Zadkiel — The Righteous-
ness of God.

Zaphkiel,

The Conductoi' of Tobit —
appeared to the shepherds
to announce the birth of
Christ. Pilgrim's Staff and
gourd. Fish.

The interpreter of judge-
ments and prophecies.
Instructor ofEsdras. Ac-
cording to an early tra-
dition he accompanied the
iwo disciples towards
Emmaus. Roll of parch-
ment and book.

He stayed the hand of
Abi^aham when about to
slay his son. Sacrificial
knife and ram.

He went before the children
of Israel when they went
out of Egypt. Rod in his
hand.

• - V >~r-^ «)' ^ - '^ - ^ V ;

V.

Patron saints of various ages, ranks

arts, trades, and professions.

Actors

Actresses

Armourers

Apothecaries

Artists

Artillerists

Bakers

Balladsingers

Begcars

Bookbinders

Booksellers

Brewers

Brides

Carpenters

Charcoalburners

Children

Clothmakers

S. Gonesius. S. Vitus.

S. Pelagia mi ma.

S. Martianus. S. Barbara

SS. Cosmo & Damian.

S. Luke. S. Lazarus.

S. Barbara.

S. Albert. S. Donatus. S. Honoratus. S.

Ludovicus. S. William Scotus.
S. Julian Hospitator.
S. Alexis.
S. Bartholomew.
S. Juan de Dios.
S. Adrian. S. Nicholas of Bari.
S. Dorothea.
S. Eulogius. S. James Baeticus. S. Joseph.

S. Wolfgang.
S. Alexander.

S.Phaletrus. S.Simon of Trent. S.Ursula.
S. AnastasJus. S. Menignus. S. Michael.

S. Severus.

160 PATRON SAINTS OF VARIOUH AGES, ETC.

Cobblers

S.

Cooks

S.

Dancers

S.

Dyers

S.

Engineers

S.

Engravers.

S.

Fishermen

S.

Fools (Court)

s.

(jARDENERS

s.

Girls

s.

Glaziers

s.

Glovers

s.

Goldsmiths

s.

Governesses

s.

Grooms

s.

Hairdressers

s.

Horsemen

s.

Huntsmen

s.

Husbandmen

s.

Joiners

s.

Landlords

s.

Lawyers

s.

Locksmiths

s.

Maidservants

s.

Marksmen

s.

Masons

s.

Menservants

s.

Merchants

s.

Midwives

s.

Euseus. S. Theobald.
John de Leon. S. Lawrence.
Vitus.
Lydia.
Barbara.
Thyemon.

Nicholas. S. Parthenius.
Maturinus.

Adelradus. S, Fiacrius. S. Pho«"as of
Sinope. S. Trypheon. S. Urban.
Ursula.

Clarus. S. James Allemannus,
Gon.

Dunstan, S. Eligius. S. Januarius,
Ursula.
Anne.
Ludovicus.
George.

Eustace. S. Hubert.
Isidore.
Joseph.

Julian Hospitator.
Ivo.

Eligius. S. Leonard.
Agathoclea. S. Blandina. S. Dula, S.
Gertrude of Osten. S. Irene. S.Potae-
miana.
Sebastian.

Marinus. S. Quatuor Coronati.
Adelelmus. S. Barbantius. S. Eunus.
S. Gillo. S. Onesimus. S. Vitalis.
Frumentius. S. Guido. S. Nicholas.
Ravmond Nonnatus. S. Sila.

PATRON SAINTS OF VARIOUS AGES, ETC. 101

Millers
Musicians

Nurses

Oraturs

Orphans

Packbearers

Peasants

Philosophers

Physicians

Pilgrims

Potters

Pyrotechnists

Ropemakers

Saddlers

Scholars

Schoolchildren

Schoolboys

Sculptors
Shepherds

Shoemakers

Silversmiths

Slaves

Smiths

Soldiers

Stonemasons

Surgeons

S. Arnold. S. Eugenius.

S. Cecilia. S. Dunstan. S. Gregory the

Great. S. Germain. S. Leo. S. Odo.
S. Concordia. S. Laurentia. S. Maura.
S. Catherine of Alexandria.
S. Ivo.

S. Christopher.
S. Alban. S. Fortunatus. S. Isidore. S.

Lambert. S. Lucy. S. Leontius.
S. Catherine of Alexandria.
SS. Cosmo & Damian.
S. Alexis.
S. Goar.
S. Barbara.
S. Posthumus.
S. Gualfardus.
S. Gregory the Great.
S. Nicholas of Bari.
S. Catherine of Alexandria. S. Gregory

the Great. S. Jerome. S. Lawrence.

S. Magdalen. S. Maturinus.
S. Quatuor Coronati.
S. Cuthbert. S. Drago. S. Julian. S. Si-
mon Stylites. S. Wendelinus.
SS.Crispin & Crispinian. S. Homobonus.

S. Zaccheus.
S. Andronicus.

S. Eunus. S. Justus. S. Viralis.
S.Adrian. S.Dunstan.S.EJigius. S.Leonard.
S. Adrian. S. George.
S. Marinus. S. Quatuor Coronati. S.

Reinoldus.
S. Roch.

162 PATRON SAINTS OF VARIOUS AGES, ETC.

Swineherds

S. Anthony. S.Eberhard. S. Hermogasta.

S. Ulmarus.

Tailors

S.Homobonus or Goetman.S. JohnBaptist.

Tanners

S. Bartholomew.

Theologians

S. Augustine. S. John the Divine. S. Tho-

mas Aquinas.

Travellers

S. Julian Hospitator. S. Nicholas of Bari.

Turners

S. Bernard of Tironio.

Virgins

S. Andrew.

Washerwomen

S. Hunna.

Weavers

SS. Crispin & Crispinian. S. Onofrius.

S. Severus.

» (Linen)

S. Lie. S. Severus.

» CWoollen)

S. Blasius.

Wheelwrights

S. Joseph.

Widows

S. Gertrude.

Women

S. Anne.

•-^C:$<^"'

VI.

Patron Saints of Animals, Plants, and Food.

Bread

— vArvjr\A» ^ —

S. Nicholas of Tolentino.

Cattle

S. Bovus. S. Eligius. S. Guy. S. Pelagius.

Cocks

S. Gallus.

Dogs

S. Hubert. S. Rupert. S. Vitus.

Domestic animals

S. Theoduif.

Garden produce

S. Fiacrius.

Geese

S. Ambrose. S. Feriolus. S. Gall. S. Mar-

tin of Tours.

Grain

S. Jodocus. S. Urban.

Horses

vS. Anthony of Padua.

Lambs

S. John Baptist.

Mice

S. Gertrude of Nivelle. S. Nicasius. S.

Udalricus.

Sheep

S. Drogo. S. Lupus. S. Wendelinus.

Stoats

S. Lupus.

Swine

S. Anthony.

Vines

S. John Baptist. S. MaternuSi S. Medard,

S. llrban.

Weasels

S. Lupus.

^Sr^

VII.
Patron Saints of the Elements.

Earth
Air
Fire
Water

S. Justus.

S. Theodore, S. Valerian.

S. Agatha.

S. Christopher. S. Nicholas.

.i-^i(-!'

VIII.

Saints who are Protectors of different parts

of the body and Patrons to be invoiced in

cases of disease and sicl<ness.

Protection

for Head S.

Ottilia.

»

Back

S.

Lawrence.

»

Throat

S.

Blasius.

»

Tongue

s.

Catherine of Alexandria.

»

Body

s.

Erasmus.

»

Loins

s.

Burchard.

»

Legs

s.

Quirinus.

»

Knees

s.

Roch.

»

Feet

s.

John. S. Peter.

Apoplexy

s.

Wolfgang.

Barrenness

>

s.

^gidius Renatus. S. Fiacrius
S. Nicholas. S. Theobald.

Boils

SS. Cosmo & Damian.

Breast. Disease of

S.

Agatha. S. Mamartus.

Burns

s.

John.

Cancer

s

Adelgund.

Cattle Plague

s

Wendelinus.

Chiragra

s

Gerebrenus.

Colds

s

Maurus.

Colic

s.

Erasmus.

Consumption

s

Machutias. S. Paifitaleon.

1(3(3

PROTECTORS AGAINST DISEASE.

Cough

Croup

Dropsy

Dumbness

Epilepsy

Erysipelas
Eye Diseases
Fevers

Flux

GiDDINBSS

Glands

Gout

Headache

Hydrophobia

Inflammation

Insanity

Itch

Leprosy

Lameness

Melancholia

Paralysis

Plague

S. Quintin. S. Walpui'gis.
S. Balbina. S. Marculf.
S. Eutropius. S. Liboi'ius.
S. Drogo. S. Syra.
S. Bibiana S. Cornelius. S. Enne-
mundus. S. John Baptist. S. John
Chrysostom. S. John the Divine.
S. Lupus. S. Silvanus.
S. Anthony. S. Benedict. S. Silvanus.
S. Clara. S. Lucy. S. Ottilia.
S. Genevieve. S. Hugh of Clugny.
S. Juventusoi' Ti'obat. S.PetPonilla.
S. Quintanus. S. Salvator ab Horta.
S. Silvester.
S. Asclepia. S. Casilda. S. Consor-
tia. S. Sabina.
S. Avertinus.
SS. Cosmo and Damian.
S. Quii-inus. S. Wolfgang.
S. Anastbsius. S. Bibiana. S. Coesa-

ria. S. Dionystus. S. Ottilia.
S, Hubert.
S. Benedict.

S. Dympna. S. Matunnus.S.Romanus,
S. Mai^k. S. Roch,
S. Job,
S. Machetus.
S, Maturiniis.
S. Wolfgang.

S. AdWan. S. Anthony. S. Alduy.
S. Christopher. S. Cuthbert. S. Ge-
rald. S. Leocadia. S. Roch. S. Se-,
bastian. S. Valentine. S. Zosimus-

pR(3ria;T0us aGainst disease.

167

Podagra

Poison
Possession
•Pox (Cow)

» (small)
Pregnancy

Quinsy

Rupture

Stitch in the side

sorethroat

Stomachache,

Stone

S. Vitus Dance

Toothache

Weakness
Yellow Fever

S. Geiiovus. S. Gobrianus. S. Mau-
rice. S. Quinnus.

S. Benedict. S. John. S. Romanus.

S. Romanus. S. Ubaldus.

S. Martin.

S. Meinus.

S. Leonard. S. Margai-et. S, Mary of
Oignies. S. Noitpupgis. S. Pirmi-
nus. S. Vitalis.

S. Wibertus,

S. Symphoronianus.

S. Leucius.

S. Blasius.

S, Bi'icius. S. Erasmus.

S. Apollinaris. S. Liborius.

S, John Baptist. S. Vitus.

S. Apollonia. S. Charitina. S. Chris-
topher. S, Gregory the Hermit.

S. Ulnch.

S, Albert Siculus.

-^i^

Saints to be invoked in case of accident,

misfortune, or for any special aid,

and the xiv. Helpers-in-need.

Accidents on a mountain)
journey* )

Barren fields
Beer (Sour)
Bridges (Broken)
Caterpillars
Cold (Severe)
Conflagrations in general

» in cornfields
Death of Cows

» » sheep

» » geese
Drought
Drowning
Evil Spirits
Hail
Impenitent death

Imprisonment
Inundations

S. Petronilla.

S. Florian.

S, Louis.

S. John Nepomuck.

S. Magnus.

S, Sebald,

S. Agatha. S. Florian S. Jo-

docus. S. Lawrence.
S. Jodocus.
S. Wendelinus.
S, John Baptist.
S. Feriolus.
S. Genevieve of Paris.
S, Adjulor. S. Romanus.
S. Cyriacus. S. Deodatus,
S, Dominic S. John. S. PauL
S. Barbara. S. Christopher*

S. Mark.
S. Leonard. S. Roch.
S. Donatus. S. Nicholas.

PROTECTOns AGAINST ACCIDKNT, ETC. 1G9

Lir.HTNlN'O

Misfortune in war.

Old Women

Perjury

Poverty

Shipwreck

Slander

Stings of poisonous insects
Snake-bite

Storms at sea

Sleep (over-indulgence in),

Vicious horses

Whirlwinds

Wild beasts

S. Alexander. S. Amandus.

S. Barbara. S. Deodatus.

S. Isarnus. S. Lucius. S.

Raymond. S. Scholastica.

S» Victor of Marseilles.
S. George.
S. Andrew.

S. Felix ot'Nola. S. Pancras.
S. Anne. S. Lucy.
S. Leo. S. Maxinrkus.
S. John Nepomuck. S. Su-
sanna.
S. Phocas.
S. Annabilis. S. Dominic.

S. Phocas.
S. Erasmus.
S. Vitus.
S. Alo.
S. Florian. S. Nicholas. S.

Theodore. S. Valerian.
S. Blasius.

THE XIV HEiLPERS-IN-NEED (NOTHHELFER)

(They are distinguished as such specially in Germany)j

S. AcHATius — S. Aegidius — S. Barbara -^ S. BlaSius --
S. Catherine -* S» Christopher — S. CyriaCus —
S. DioNYsius — S. Erasmus ~S. Eustace — * S. GeoUge —
S. Margaret •— S. Pantali^on — S. Vitus.

X.

Saints to be invoked for obtaining
special desires.

Discovery of theft.
Fertility in general.

Fertilising rain.
Finding lost articles.

Good lodgings.

S.

Good weather^

S.

Heirs male.

s.

Success in general.

s.

» IN MINING.

s.

Wealth.

s.

Gervasius. S. Vincent.

John. S. Martin. S. Me-
dar.l. S. Paul. S. Urban.

Benno. S. Desideratus.
S. Eutychius. S. Heribert.

Anthony of Padua. S.
Arnold. S. Vincent.

Julian Hospitator.

Serenus.

Felicitas.
, Servatius.

Lo.

Anne. S. Erasmus.

XI.
Patrons of Penitent Sinners

Condemned Criminals. S. Dismas

Drunkards and Gluttons. S. Martin *

Dancers and Actors. s. Vitus
Penitent Women.

S. Afra. S. Mary Ma- Jalen.

XII.
Patron Saints of Cotintries and Towns.

Agde

Agen

Aix LA Chapelle

Aix LES Bains

Alcala de Henares

Alby

Alexandria

Alk.mar

Altaich (monastery

Altehburg

Altorff

Amarante

Amberg

Amboise

America

Amersfort

Amiens

Amsterdam

S. Andrew.

S. Caprais. S. Vincent.

S. Add!bei't..Cliai*leinjLj^n3.

S. Mai'tba. S. Maximus.

SS. Asturiiis.Didacus. Jocunda. Justus

& Pastor.
S. Amaranth. S. Cecilia.
S. Mark.
S. Lawrence.
) S. Peter.
S. Bartholomew.
S. Mai-tin.

S. Amaranth. S. Gundisalvus.
S. Martin.

S, Florentine Vendemialis,
S. Rosa of Lima,
S. George.

S. Germain. S. John Baptist.
S. John Baptist. S, Nicholas.

PATRON SAINTS OF COUNTRIES AND TOWNS.

Angers

AXGOULtlME

Annaburg

Anspach

Antequera

Antwerp

Appknzell

Aquileja

Aquitaine)

Aragon

Arezzo

Arles

Arlon

Armenia

Arnheim

Arras

Artois

Ascoli

AsTi

asturias

Ath

Augsburg

Austria

AUTUN

Auxerre
Avignon
Avila
Avranches

S, Nicholas.

S, Cyriacus.

SS. Alloan, Lene, Maurice, Rene.

S. Peter.

S. Anna*

S. Gumpertus.

S, Eupliemia. S. Justiuus.

The Virgin Mar3\ S. Walpurgis,

S. Maurice.

S* Hermagoras,

S Martialis,

S. George,

S, Donatus.

S, Trophimus. S, Virgilius,

S, Mark.

S, Gregory Illuminator,

S. Eusebius,

S. Amberc. S. VedasU

S. Vedast,

S. Emidius.

S. Secundus

S. Ephrenn,

S. Juhao.
SS. Afra, Hubert. The Virgin Mary,

Magnus, Neodegarius, Ulrich.
SS. Andrew, Colomannus, Florian*

Leopold,Maximihanus,Otho,Poppo,
Quirinus, Severinus.
S, Lazarus,

SS» Euphemia, Justinus. Stephen.
S. John Baptist. S. Martin.
S. Secundus. S, Vitaiis.
S, AndrsAV.

174 PATRON SAINTS OF COUNTRIES AND TOWN.

B

Babur
Bacharach
Baden (House of)
» (Town of)
Badajoz
Bamberg (Bishopric)

» (Town)

Barcelona

Basle (Bishopric)

» (Town)
Batenburg
Bavaria

Bayeux
Bayonne

Beaune

Beauvais

Belfort

Bellinzona

Berg

Bergamo

Bergen

Bergen op Zoom

Bergues

S. Walstan.

S. Swidbert. S. Werner.
S. Bernard. S. Peter.
The Virgin Mary.
S. Maur. S. Vincent.
S. Henry of Bavaria. S. Cunigunde.
S. Hadria. The Virgin Mary.
SS. ^therius, Candidas, Eulaha, Ma-
trona, Oldegaris, Pacianus. Sabinus,

Severus.

S. Daniel. S. Ursicinus.

S. Henry. The Virgin Mary.

S. Victorinus.

SS. Benno, Corbinianus, Emeranus,
George, Lucius, The Virgin Mary,
Peter, Quirinus, Rupert, Severinus,
Stephen, Virgilius, Wolfgang.

S. Exuperius or Spire.

S. Leo.

S. Dionysius,

SS. Andragisma, Firmin, Lucian.

S. Dionysius.

S. Stephen.

The Virgin Mary. S. Martin.

S. Michael. S. Oswald.

S- Alexander. S. Grata.

S. Pancras-

S. Gertrude,

S. Winoc.

PATRON SAINTS OF COUNTRIES AND TOWN 175

Berlin

Bern

Berry

BESANgON

Bethune.

Beziers

Biberach

BlEL.

Bingen

BlSCAYA

S. Blasien

Blois

Bohemia

Bolsena
Bologna

Bordeaux

BoULOGiXE

BOURGES

BOZZOLO

Brabant
Braga

Brandenburg

Breda

Bremen

S, Nicholas. S. Paul.

S. Vincent.

S. Solange.

SS. Feriolus. John. Linus. Stephen.

S. Bartholomew.

S. Nazarius.

S. Martin.

S, Benedict.

The Virgin Mary. S. Martin. S.Rupert.

S. Ignatius Loyola.

S. Blasius.

S.Cecilia. The Vh'gin Ma^3^

SS. Adalbert, Cosmo & Damian, Cyril
& Methodius, Giinther. John Ne-
pomuck, Joseph, Ludmilla, Nor-
bert, Procopius, Sigismund, Vitus,
Wenzel.

S. Christina.

SS. Ambrose, Benedict, Dominic,
Eligius, Florian, Francis Xavier,
Ignatius Loyola, Petronius, Pro-
culus.

SS. Andrew. Delphinus, Gilbert, Mar-
tial, S. Severinus.

S. Joseph.

S. Stephen, S Ursinus.

S. Exuperius

S.Andrew, S. Peter, S. Phihp.

SS. Autbertus, Apollonius, Leontius.
Martin, Ovidius

John Baptist. S. Peter.

S. Gertrude.

SS. Anogarius, Peter, Willehad.

176 PATRON SAINTS OF COUNTRIES AND TOWN

Brescia SS. Afra, Apollonius Faustinus,

Gaudentius, Julia.
Breissach S. Stephen.

Brixen S. Cassian.

Breslau (Bishopric). S. John Baptist.

» (Town) S. Wenzel.

Brieux S. Brioche.

Bruchsal The Virgin Mary.

Bruges S. Donatianus.

Brunswick (House of) S. Andrew.

» (Town of) SS. Anne, Autop. Christopher.

Brussels S. Gudule, S. Michael.

Burgundy SS. Andrew. Bernard, Claudius ,

Remigius.
Burgos SS. Adelelmus, Juliana, Radegund,

Sesmes, Victoria.

Cadiz

Caen

Cagliari

Cahors

Calahorra

Calcar

Cambray

Camerino

Camin

Campen

Can aria

Canterbury

Carcassone

SS. Martha. Servandus. Susanna.

S. Peier.

SS. Cecilia, Lucifer, Saturninus.

S. Gengulphus, S. Stephen,

S. Eeledonius, S. Emetherius.

S. Nicholas.

S. John Baptist. S. Maxiniilianus.

S. Ansovinus. S. Venantius.

S. Otho.

S. Nicholas.

S. A Vitus.

S. Anselm. S. Thomas a Becket.

S. Nazarius.

PATRON SAINTS OF COUNTRIES AND TOWNS 177

Carinthia

CA-RLSR'JHE

Carthagena

Casale
Cassel

Castelnaudary
Castighone

Castro

Catalonia

Catania

Chalons sur Marne

Chalons sur Saone

Chartres

Chateaudun
Chateau Landon
Chemnitz

Chiavenna
Chiemsee
Chur (Bishopric)
Chur (Town)

ClUDAD RODRIGO

Clausen
Clermont

Cleve
Coblenz

COBURG

COIMBRA

COLMAR

Cologne (Arch-
bishopric.

S. Leopold. S. Rupert.

S. Stephen.

SS. Adelhardus, Candida, Charitina,

Fulgentius, Hippol^tus, Modestus.
S. Evasius.
S. Martin.
S. Michael.
SS. Anthony, Francis of Assisi,

Geminianus, The Virgin Mary.
S. Savinus.
S. George.
S. Agatha.

The Virgin Mary,S.M6mie,S.Stephen.
S. Marcellus. S. Vincent.
S. Ivo, The Virgin Mary, S. Peter,

S. Savinianus.
S. Aventinus, S. Mary Magdaden.
S. Tugwaldus or Tugal.
S. James.
S. Lawrence.
S. Sebastian.

S. Luke, The Virgin Mary.
S. Martin, S. Regula.
S. Absalom, S. Athanasius.
S. Andrew.
SS. Apollinaris. The Virgin Mary.

Sidoni us, Urbiscus.
S. John Baptist, S. Martin.
S. Castor.
S. Maurice.

S. Berardus, S. James, S. Otho.
S. Martin.
I
: S. Peter,

178 PATRON SAINTS OF COUNTRIES AND TOWNS.

(City)

COMO
CoMPlfcGNE

compostella
Concha

Constantinople
Constance

CORBACH

Cordova

CORREGGIO
CORVEY

Cracow
Cremona

CUENCA

SS. Cassius &; Florentine, Cunibert,
Gepeon, Severinus, The three
Kings, Ursula, Victor & Gregory.

S. Abundius.

S. Cornelius.

S. Dativus. S. James.

S. Julian.

S. Wasnulf.

SS. George, Michael, Peter & Paul.

S. Conrad, S. Pelagius.

S. Kilian.

SS. Columba, Dominic, Eugenia,
Eulogius, Faustus. Lupus, Nar-
cissus, Roderick, Valerianus.

S, Quirinus.

The Virgin Mary, S. Vitus.

S. Florian.

SS. Francis Xavier.Himerius, Homo-
bonus. Marcellinus, Peter, Peter
Martyr, Sigismund.

S. Julian.

33

Dalmatia

Dantzic

Delft

Dendermondb

Denmark

Deventer

Dieppe

Diest

S. Domnius.

The Virgin Mary.

S. Hippolytus, S. Ursula.

The Virgin Mary.

S. Anscharius, S. Canute.

S. Ludger or Lebuinus.

S. James the Less.

S. Sulpicius.

PATRON SAINTS OF COUNTRIES AND TOWNS. 179

S. DiEZ
Dijon

DlLLENBURG

DiNANT

DlNKELSBUHL

DOL

DORPAT

Dortmund

DOUAY

Drontheim

D UNKIRK

DUEREN

DUERKHELM

S. Deodatus.

S. Benignus.

S. John.

The Virgin Mary.

S. George.

S. Sanson.

S. Peter.

S. Reinoldus.

SS. Amahus, Peter,, Vedast.

S. Olaus.

S. Eloi.

S. Martin. S. Oswald.

S. John Baptist.

E

East Friesland SS. John Baptist, Eudger, Stephen.

East Indies SS. Francis Xavier, James, Thomas.

Echternach SS. Peter & Paul. .

Edinburgh S. yEgidius or Giles.

EicHSTADT(Bishoppic) The Virgin Mary, S. Walpurgis, S.

Willibald.

EiNsisDLEN S. Meinradus.

EiNBECK S. James.

EiNSENACH S. George.

Elvira S. Liberatus.

Emmerich S. Adelgund.

Enghien S. Nicholas.

England SS. George, The Virgin Mary, Mic-

hael, Thomas a Becket.

Ensisheim S. Martin.

Erfurt SS. Boniface, Martin, Se^^erus.

180 PATRON SAINTS OF COUNTRIES AND TOWNS

ESCURIAL

Essen (Monastery)

esslingen

Ethiopia

Etterheim

Ettlingen

EVORA
EVREUX

S. Lawrence,

SS. Cosmo & Damian, Engelbert.

S. Dionysius

S. Anthony, The Virgin Mary.

S. LandoUn.

S. Martin.

S. Fehx, S. Marcius.

S. Taurinus.

Faenza

Fang

Feldkirch

Fermo

Ferrara

FlESOLE

Finland

Flanders

Florence

FOLIGNO
FORLI

France

Frank en
Frankfurt a M.
» a 0.

Freiburg in Breisgau S. Alexander.
Fribourg inSwitzer-)

F

S. Novellonius, S. Peter Damian.

S. Paternianus.

S. Nicholas.

The Virgin Mary, SS. Bartholomew,

Barbara, Geminianus, George, Mau-
relius, Prosper, Theodore.

S. Alexander, S. Romulus.

S. Henry.

SS. Amandus, Peter, Winoc.

SS. John Baptist, The Virgin Mary.
Miniatus, Zenobius.

S. Felicianus.

S. Mercurialis. S. Valerianus.

SS. Dionysius. John Baptist. The Vir-
gin Mary, Martin, Michael ,Stephen.

S. Kilian."

S. Bartholomew. S. Charlemagne.

SS. John Baptist, Hedwig, Paul,

land

S. Nicholas.

PATRON SAINTS OF COUNTRIES AND TOWNS 181

Frejds S. Donatus. S. Leoritius. The Vir

gin Mary.
FREisiNGEN(Monastery) S. Corbiiiian. S. Lambert.
FfiiEDBERG S. George,

Friesland S. James.

Fritzlar S. Peter.

FuLDA S. Boniface.

FuRNEs S. Walpurgis

Gr

S. Gall

Gandersheim

Gemblours

Gemignano

Gemund

Geneva

Genoa

Germany
German orders
Gerusbach
Gheel
Ghent

GlRONA

Glarus

GOSLAR

GOTHA

SS. Gail, Magnus, 0th mar.

S. Stephen.

S. Guibert.

S. Fina.

The Virgin Mary.

S. Gervasius.

SS. Barnabas. Bernard, George,
John Baptist, Lawrence. The Vir-
gin Mary.

S. George.

The Virgin Mary.

The Virgin Mary.

S. Dympna.

SS. Bavon, Donatian, John Baptist.
Loevinus.

SS, Dalmatius, Genulphius, Lambert.

S. Fridohn.

SS. Cosmas, Judas Thaddeus, The
Virgin Mary, Matthias, Maurice.
Simon;,

S. Gotthard.

182 PATRON SAINTS OF (*OUNTRIES AND TOWNS

GOETTINGEN
GoUD4

Grammont

Gr-^nada

Graetz

Graubuenden

Greece

Greifswald

Grenoble

Gronince^

Gruyere

guastalla

GUBBIO

Gueldejrs

Gui-MARA^'S

GHjntersblum

S. James, The Virgin Mary.

S. John.

S. Adrian.

S. Anastasiu?, Ceciha, Gregory,

John de Deo, Liberatus.
S. Giles.
S. Luke.
S. Nicholas.
S. Nicholas.
S. Hugh.
S. Martin. S.
S. Theodul.
S. Barbara,

The Virgin Mary.
S Ubaldus.
SS. Galenus, John Baptist, Martin,

Valenus.
S. Damascus.
S. Victor.

Walpurgis.
S. Charles Borromeo,

H

Haarlem S. Bavon. S. Gengulphus.

Halberstadt (Bishopric) S. St-ephen.

Hague

Hall

Hall in Swabia

Halle

Hameln

Hamburg

Hanover

S. James.
S. Martin.
S. Michael.
The Virgin Mary.
S. Boniface.
The Virgin Mary.
S. George, S. James. The Virgin
Marv.

I

PATRON SAINTS OF COUNTRIES AND TOWNS 183

Havelberg

Heidelberg

Hbilbronn

Heiligewstadt

Helmstaedt

Herford.

Hersfeld

HeR20GENBUSCH

Hesdin
Hesse

HlLDESHBlM

Hirsau

Horn (Grafschafl)

Hqexter

Hungary

S. Lawrence. The Virgin Mary.

S. Peter.

S. Kilian.

S. Giles. S

S. Ludger.

Tiie Virgin Mary.

S. Wigbertus.

S. John.

Martin.

S. Stephen.

r>.

Martin.

S. Elisabeth. S. Martin.

SS. Anthony of Padua, Berewai'd,
Charlemagne. Gotthard. The Vir-
gin Mary.

S. Aiirelius.

S. Martin.

The Virgin Mary. S. Vitus.

SS. Ladislas. Ludwig.

Martin. The

Virgin Mar3\

Ibstein

Imola

Ingolstadt

ixnsbruck

Ireland

ISNY

S. Martin.

S. Cassian. S. Maurelius.

S. John Baptist. S. Maurice.

S. James.

SS. Bridget. Columba. Patrick.

S. Elisabeth.

Jacca
Jaen

J END

S. Paul.

SS. Fecundus. Lumbrosa. Solomon.

S. Michael.

184 PATRON SAINTS OF COUNTPKIS AND TOWNS

Jevern
judvigne

JUELICH

S. Daniel.

S. Medard.

S. Giles. S. Hubert.

K

Kaiserslautern The Virgin Mary. S. Martin.

Kempten (Monastery S. Hildegard.
Kempten (Town) S. Magnus.
Klagexfurt S. Giles.

Klosterneuberg (Mo-j Leopold.
n'astery)V

Ladenberg

Landau

Landshut

Lang RES

Laon

Lausanne

Laval

Laybach

Lebus

Leipzig

Leitmekitz

Lens

Leon

Leuk

Leutkirch

Leuwa»^den

S. Gall.

S. Gertrude.

S. Martin.

SS. Dizier, Justus «Sc Pastor, Mamme^.

S. Genebaud.

The Virgin Mary.

Tugwaldus or Tugal.

S. Nicolas.

S. Adalbert.

S. John Baptist.

S. Stephen.

S. Bulgarius.

SS. Claudius, Isidore, Pelagius. Ra-

mirus, Servandus.
Stephen.
S. Martin.
S. James.

PATRON SAINTS OF COUNTRIES AND TOWNS 185

Leyden

S. Pancras.

LliiGE

SS. George, Hubert, Lambert, The

Virgin Mary.

LlEGNlTZ

SS. Peter & Paul.

Lille

S. Pete?.

Limoges

S. Martial. S. Stephen.

LiMBURG

S. George.

LiNDAU

S. Stephen.

LlPPE

The Virgin Mary.

Lisbon

SS. Adrian, Auctor, Natahe, Vincent.

LiTTHAUEN

SS. Casimir, George, Josaphat, La-

dislaus, Nicholas.

Livonia

The Virgin Mary.

LODfiVE

. S. Fulcranus.

Lous, le Saunier

S. Desir6.

LORCH

S. James, S. Lawrence.

LORSCM

S. NazarJus.

Lorraine

S. Stephen.

LOUVAIN

S. Peter.

Lucca

SS. Fridianus, Martin, Regulus.

Lucerne

S. Leodegarius, S. Michael.

LUEBECK

S. John Baptist.

Lueneberg

SS. Andrew, John Baptist, Lambert.

Lugano

S. Lawrence.

Luxemburg

SS. Andrew, Peter, Philip.

Lyons

SS. Homobonus, Irewceus, John Bap-

tist, Photinus.

M

Macerata

Macon

Madrid

S. Julian.

SS. Gervasius & Protasius, Vincent.

SS. Dominic, Eustace, Gug4ielmus,

186 PATRON SAINTS OF COUNTRIES AND TOWNS

Magdeburg
Mainz

Malaga
S. Malo

Malta

Mannheim

Mantua

Le Mans

Mansfeld
S. Marino
Marseilles

Mastricht

Maubeuge

Meaux

Mechlin

Mecklenburg

Meissen (Monastery

Meissen (Town)

Melun

Memmingen

Meran

Merida

Merseburg
Messina

Isidore, Jocundus, Sabinus, Vale-
rius, VictoF, Vitalianus.
SS. Catherine, Gereon, Maurice,

Vincent.
SS. Alban, Crescenz, The Virgin
Mary, Martin, Maximus, Wilhgis.
S. Amasuindus, S. Patritius.
S. Maclovius.

S. Agatha. S. John Baptist.
S. Sebastian.

SS. Anselm of Lucca, Barbara,
George, Longinus, Louis Gonzaga,
The Virgin Mary, Maurice.
S. Harduinus, S. Juhan.
S. George.
S. Marino.

SS. Cassius, Lazarus, Mary Mag-
dalen.
SS. Amandus, Lambert, Peter, Ser-

vatius, Theodurdus.
S. Aldegund.
S. Sainctin

S. Romoldus or Rombaut.
S. John,
) S. Donatus,
S. At'ra.
S. Aspais.
S. Martin.
S. Nicholas.
SS. Eulaha, Hermogenss, Lucretia,

Renovatus.
S. Lawrence.
S. Albert the Carmelite, S. Placidus.

PATRON SAINTS OF COUNTRIES AND TOWNS 187

MliTZ

Mexico

Milan (Bisliopi'icj

Milan (Town)

MlNDEN
MiRANDOLA

MiTTELBURG

Mod EN A

MONS

montaubon
montbelliard
montferrat
m02^pellier
Moravia
Moscow

muehlhausen in
Elsass

MuEHLHAUSEN IN

Thuringia
Munich

SS. Ariiulph, Clement, Stephen.

S. Philip de Jesus.

S. Barnabas.

SS. Ambrose, Carlo Borromeo Felix
and Nabor,Gervasius andProtasius,
Nazarius and Celsus, Vincent.

SS. Andi^ew, Gorgonius, Peter.

SS. Agatha, Alexander, Antoninus,
Francis, Possidonius.

S. Peter.

S. Geminianus, The Virgin Mary.

SS. Bene<lict, Veronus, Waltrudis or
Wautra.

S. Theodatus.

S. Oswald or Mainboeuf.

S. John Baptist, S. Theodore.

S. Peter, S. Roch.

SS. Cyril and Methodius.

SS. David, Nicholas, Romanus.

S. StephepB.

S. Blaise. The Virgin Mary.
S. Peter, The Virgin Mary.

MuNSTER (Bishopric) S. Lambert, S. Paul.
MuNSTER (Town) S. Ludger, S. Peter.

Namur

Nancy
Nanterre

S. Aubin.

The Virgin Mary, S. Peter

S. Maurice.

]<S8

PATRON SAINTS OF COUNTRIES AND TOWNS

Nantes

Naples

Narbonne

Naumburg

Navarre

Neckargemuend

Neckarsteinach

Neisse

Netherlands

Neuburg

Neuchatel

Neuss

Neustadt

Nevers

Nice

NlENBURG
NiSMES
NiVELLES
NOCERA

noerdlingex

nordheim

Norway

NOVARA
NOYON

Nuremberg.
Nymwegen

fi

S. Clair, S. Peter.
S. Andrew Avellino, S. Januarius.
SS. Justus and Pastor.
The Virgin Mary, SS.Peter and Paul.
SS. Firminus, Francis Xavier, Ray-
mond, Saturninus.
S. Ulrich.
S. Cecilia.
S. James.
S. Andrew.
S. Limpertus.
The Virgin Mary.
S. Quirinus.
S. Dionysius.

SS. Cyrus, Gervasius & Protasius.
S. Reparata.
S. Mamin.
The Virgin Mary.
S. Gertrude.
S. Rainaldus

S. George, S. John Baptist.
The Virgin Mary.
S. Anscharius, S. Olaf.
S. Gaudentius.

SS. Eligius, Godeberta, Medard.
S. Lawrence, S. Sebald.
S. George, The Virgin Mary, S.
Stephen.

Oetlingen

Oldenburg

Ollmuetz

S. Sebastian, S. Wolfgang.
S. Lambert, The Virgin Mary.
The Virgin Mary, S. Wenzel.

PATRON SAINTS OF COUNTRIES AND TO^\^^S 189

S. Audomai'us.

SS. Catherine, John Baptist, Sebas-
tian.
S. Andrew.
S. Aignan.
S. Peter.
S. Giles.

S. Omer
Oppenheim

Orange

Orleans

Orvieto

OSCHATZ

OsNABRUECK (Bishopric) SS. Crispin & Crispinian, Giles,

Peter.
» Town S. Paul.

OsTEND SS. Peter and Paul.

OuDENARDE S- Walpurgis.

OviEDO S. Eulogius, S. Spiridion.

Paderborn

Padua

Palamos
Palentia
Palermq

Pampelona

Pamiers

Paris

Parma

SS. Anthony, Liborius, The Virgin

Mary, Meinulphus, Paternus.
SS. Anthony of Padua, Daniel, Jus-

tina.
S. Sothica.
S. Antolinus.
SS. Augustine, Benedict, Dominic.

S. Francis, The Virgin Mary,
S. Rosalie.
SS. Delphinus, Firminus,Sophronius,

S. Victor.
S. Antonin.

SS. Genevieve, Germain, Romain.
SS. Hilary, John Baptist, Tomassus,

Vitalis.

Passau (Bishopric) S. Maximilian, S. Stephen.

190 PATRON SAINTS OF COUNTRIES AND TOWNS

Pavia

Perigeux
Perleberg

Perpignan

Perugia

Pesaro

Petershausen

Pfalz

Philipsburg

Piacenza

Piedmont

PiLSEN
PlOMBiNO

Pisa

Placentia

Poitiers

Poland

Pomerania

Portugal

Prague

Prenzlau

pritswalk

Provins

Prussia

Pyritz

S. Cyrus.

S. Front, S. Stephen.

S James.

S. Honoratus.

S. Constantius, S. HercuUnus.

SS. Andi-ew, Ant!ion3% Helena. The

Virgin Mary, Tei*enlius.
S. Gregory.
S. Stephen.
S. George.

SS. Antoninus, Donatus, Justina.
SS. Benignus, George, Maurice.
S. Bartholomew.
S. Augu:?tine. The Vir^^^in Mary.
S. James the Great, The Virgin Mary.

S. Rainerius, S. Torpe.
S. Felicianus, S. Fulgentius.
SS. Hilaris, John, Radegunde.
SS. Adalbert, Casimir, Florian,
Hedwig , Hyazinih , Stanislaus ,
Stanislaus Kostka.
The Virgin Mary, S. Otto.
S. Thomas.
S- Veit or Vitus.
The Virgin Mary.
S. Nicholas.
S. Lie.
SS. Adalbert, Andrew, Bruno, The

Virgin Mary.
S. Maurice.

a.

QUEDLINBCRG
QUIMPERCORENTIN

S. Servatius.

S. Corentin, S. Ilerv^.

PATRON SAINTS (3F COUNTRIES AND TOWNS 191

R

Rag USA

Rapperschwyl

Rastatt

Ratzeburg

Ravenna

Ravenspurg

Rees

Reg ENS BURG

Reichp:nau

S. Re.mi

Rennes

Reutlingen

Reval

Rhoetia

Rheims

Rheinau

Rhodes

Ri^:ux

Riga

Rimini

RlOM

Rome

Rostock
Rottenburg
Rotterdam
Rouen

RUPPIN

Russia

S. Blaise.

S. John.

S. Alexander.

S. Ludolf.

SS. ApollinaiMs, Ursicinus, Vitalis.

S. Jodocus, The Virgin Mary.

S. Dentelinus.

SS. Emeraniis,Lupus,Paulinus, Peter

Stephen, Wolfgang.
S. Pirminus.
S. Remigius.

SS. Ivo, Moderandus, Peter.
The Virgin Mary,
The Virgin Mary, S. Olave.
S. Valentine.
S. Remigius.
S. Fintanus.

S. Amandus, S. Steplien.
S. Maximus or Mesme.
The Virgin Mary. S. Thomas.
S. Gaudentius, S. Julian.
S. Amabilis.
S. Paul, S. Peter.
S. James, The Virgin Mary.
The Virgin Mary.
S. Lawrence.

SS. Nicasius, Maclovius, Romain.
The Virgin Mary.
SS. Andrew, Nicholas, Vladimir.

192 PATRON SAINTS OF COUNTRIES AND TOWNS

s

Saalfeld

SaCKlNGEN

Saintes

Salamanca

Salem

Salins

Salazzo

Salzburg

Saragossa

Sardinia
Sassari
Savon A
Savoy

Saxony

schaffhausen

schleswig

SCHLETTSTADT

SCHNEEBERG

SCHWARZBURG (HOUSe

SCHWEIDNITZ

SCHWEINFURT

SCHWETZINGEN

SCHWYTZ

SCLAVONIA

S. Jolm Baptist.

S. Fridolin.

S. Eatropius.

SS. Cosmo and Damian.

Tlie Virgin Mary.

S. Anatolius.

S, Constantius.

SS. Chrysanthus, Daria, Fintanus,

Hermas, Martin, Rupert, Vincent,

Vitalis, Virgilius.
SS. Isidore, Maximus, Paul, Peter

de Arbueso, Theodorus, Valerius.
The Virgin Mary, S. Maurice.
SS, Gavinus, Januarius, Portus.
The Virgin Mary.
SS. Amadeus, John Baptist, The

Virgin Mary, Maurice, Theodore,

Theonestus.
S. Catherine, S. Peter, S. Vitus.
S. John.

S. George, S. Peter.
S. George.
S. Wolfgang.
of)S. Martin.
S. Stanislaus.
S. John.
S. Pancras.
S. Martin.
S. Marcdlla.

PATRON SAINTS OF COLNTIUES AND TOWxNS 193

Scotland S. Andrew.

S. Sebastian S. Sebastian.

Segovia S. Fructuosus.

Seligenstadt (Monast.) S. Benedict, Marcellinus, Pete*r

Seolis

Sens

Seville

Sicily

SlEBENBUERGEN

Siena
Silesia

SlON
SOISSONS

SoLmN

Solothurn

Sorrento

Spain

Spalatro

Speyer (Bishopric)

Stablo

Stade

Stargard

St en DAL

Stettin

Stralsaud

Strasburg

Straubing

Stut'igard

S, Proculus.

S. Audrey, S. Savinianus.

SS. Bibiana,CalistiJS,Felix,Ferdinarrd,

Flavianus,FloTentius, Isidore, Jiisti^

and Rufina, Leander, Narcissus^

Pius, Severus.
SS. Andrew Avellino, Tlie Virgin

Mar}', Pliilip, Rgsalie, Vitus.
The Vii'gin Mary.
SS. Ausonus,Ci'escentius, TlieVirgin-

Mary, Victor.
S. Hedwig,
S. Theodulus.

SS. Crispin and Crispinian,Gervasi us.
SS. Peter and Paul
S. Ui*sus.
S. Anthony.

S. Aeuiilianus, S. James tlie Gi*eat.
S. Domnius.

SS. Pliilip, Reginald, Stephen.
S. Reinaclus.
S. George.
S. Joliih
S. Nicholas.
The Vii'gin Mary.
S. Nicholas.

S.Fi'idolin, TheVii'gin Mai'y,S. Ottilia.
S. James, S. Tiburtius.
S. GhristoplicL'.

194 PATHOX SAINTS OF COUNTRrES AND TOWNS

Styria
SURSEE

Sweden
Syracuse

S. Leopold.

S. George.

SS. Anschanus,Bi"idget,EL'ic,George,

John Baptist, Lawrence.
S. Lucia.

T.

Tarascon
t a dragon a

Templix

Term

Terouanne

Tettnang

Thann

Thorn

Thuringia

TlLLEMONT

Toledo

Tongern

Tortosa

Toul

Toulon

Toulouse

tourcoino

Tournay

Tours

S. Magdalen. S. Martha.
SS Agathoduriis, Ascarius, Badul pli,
Cnlumbana, Damasus, Fructuosus,
Tliecla.

S. Mary Magdalen.

S. Valentine.

S. Audonarius.

S. Gall.

S. Theobald.

The Virgin Main% S. Michael, S. John.

S. Boniface. S. Elisabeth.

S, Germanus.

SS. Deli)hinus, Eugenius, Fulgen-
tius, Honoratus, Ildefonsus, Justus
and Pastor, Julian, Leocadia, Lucia,
Paternus, Raymond, Vitalis.

SS. Maternus, Remadus, Servatius.

SS. Cordula, Marciana, Rufus.

SS. Gingulph, Mansuetus, Stephen.

S. Honoratus.

SS. Germain, Louis of Toulouse,
Saturninus, Stephen.

S. Christopher.

SS. Eleutlierius, Martin, Medard.
S Gracianus, S. Martin.

PATRON SAINTS OF COUNTRIES AND TOWNS. 105

Trebizoxd

TRli'GUIKR

Trent

Trevi

Treves

Triest

S. Troud

Troyes

Tubing EN

Turin

turnhout

Tyrol

S Eugenius.

S. Tubal.

S. Vjgilius

S. Aemilianus,

SS. Helena, The VipginMary, Mater-

nus, Matthias, Peter, Tliyrus.
S. Justus.
S. Trudo.

SS, Amator, Lupus, Peter.
S. George.
S. John Baptist.
S, Peter.
S. Valentine.

U.

Ueberlingen

Ulm

Unterwalden

Upsala

Urach

Urbino

Uri

Us^z

Utrecht

S. Nicholas.
S. George.
S. Mai'tin.
S. Anscharius.
S. Amandus.

S. Ci'escens, S. Tomassus.
S. Martin.
S. Theodoret.

SS. David, John Baptist, Martin,
Willibrod.

V.

Valence
Valencia

S, ApoUinaris, S. Felix.

SS. Desiderius, Eugenius, George,

Saupus, Regulus, Urban, Vincent

Ferrer.

]96 PATRON SAINTS OF COUNTRIES AND TOWNS

Valencienmjs

S, Gernon.

Valladolid

S. Paul.

Venice

SS. Eiisebius, Lambert, Veranus.

Venice

SS. Cliaritina, George, Justina, Lau-

rence, Justinian, Mark, Nicholas,

Theodore.

Vercelh

S. Eusebius.

Verden

S. Cecilia, S, Swidbert.

Verdun

S. Samotin, S. Vitonius or Vanne.

Verona

S. Salvlus, S. Zeno.

VlENNE

SS. Avit, Maurice, Severus,

Vienna

S. Leopold, S. Stephen.

ViGEVANO

S. George.

ViLLACH

S. James.

\"iTTORlA

S. Foi'merius.

VOLNIC

S. Avit.

Volt ERR A

S. Justus.

-wr.

Wales

Wallis (Valais)

Wangen

Wasserburg

Weil BURG

Weimar

Weisse>burg

Werden

Wesel

Westphalia

Wetzlar

Wiesbaden

S, David.

S. Theodulus.

S. Martin.

S. James,

S. Walpurgis.

SS. Peter and Paul.

S. Peter.

S. Ludger, S. Martin.

S. Willibrod.

S. Ewald, S. Joseph.

The Virgin Mary.

S. Maurice.

Matron sAiNts of countries and towns 107

Wimp FEN

Wis LOCH
WiSiMAR

wolffenbuttel

Worms

Wrietzen*

W'^iiRZBUltG
WilRTEMBURG

S, George, The Virgin Mary.

S. Lawrence.

SS, George, Lawrence, Nicholas.

S. Andrew.

SS. Martin, Peter, Servatius,

The Virgin Mary.

vSS. Burchard, Colonnatus, KiUan.

S. Ulrich.

V

PEN

S. Martin.

Zamora

Zeitz

Zelle

ZlTTAU

Znaym

zuelpich

Zurich

ZuETPHfiN

ZUG

ZURZACH

Zwickau

ZWOLL

Z.

SS. Columba, Ildefonso^ Pater nus.

S. Michctel.

S. Andrew.

S. John.

S. Nicholas.

S. Audry.

SS. Exuperantius, FeliX) Regula.

S. Waipurgis.

S. Oswald,

S. Verqna.

S. Catherine.

S. Michael.

^T^^

^4-^

XIII

The more extended symbolism of

Christian Art

Type
Abe//s death
Anchor

Apple

» in the hand of the In-]
fani Christ or pre-
sented to Hlsa by
an Angel

Beasts (Wild). Christ as^
Orpheus surround-'
ed by *

» » at the feet of a)
saint /

Beehive

Beetle

Bell

Book

Antiiype

Christ's death.

Christian stedCastness, faith,

and hope.
The Fall.

Redemption from the con-
sequences of the Fall.

Refers to I. 5. 4 of the Iiv
stii divinse; of Lactantius.

I ndicates that he had cleared
a wilderness or founded
a mona-st^pv 'n a solitude.

Eloquence.

Wisdom.

Exorcising demons.

The Scriptures — specially
the New Test. In the
hands of certain saints it
may refer to their writ-
ings.

EXTEXnKD SYMBOLISM OF CHRISTIAN ATM'

109

« open

» Sealed
Burning bush i

Butterfly (I'cf: to Psvche)

i

Centaur

Ch\t.ice

» witli the Wafer

» with the serpent
Children (new born)
Circle
Club

Cock

Crown

Cross Roads (Hopcules at)
the) j

Crucifix )

(
Daniel in the lions' dt^n

In the hands of a founder
ofien inchoates the writ-
ton rule of the ordoi*.

Mystical allusion to the
perpetual Yirginity of S.
Mary. Ps. cxxxix. 15.
Is. xxix. 11.12.

Immortality of the souJ.

The wild impulses of the
heart — with bow and
arrow it refers to Eph:
vi. 1(3. — the two-fold
nature of Christ.

Priesthood.

Faith — institution of the
Eucharist.

Attribute of S. John - poison.

The souls of the righteous.

Eternity.

Martyrdom.

Penitence (from S. Peter's
repentance) — Christian
watchfulness, (I Cor.x.l2).

1. of righteousness. II. Tim.

iv. 8.

2. of honour. I. S. Pet. v. 4.

3. of life. S. James i. 12.
freedom of choice between

good and evil. Prov. vii.

and viii. S. Matt. vii. 13. 14.
a preacher — penance —

devout faith.
Christ's descent into hell.

200 EXTENDI-D SYMBOLISM OF CHRISTIAN ART,

David willi the sling \

Dragon

« c

chained or led captiv

Dove

Doves (Seven) )

» seekiniz shekel^ in the)

rock.

Eagle

Ears of wheat in the hand/
ofthe Infant Saviour'
Elephant
Elijah taken up to Heavan

Fish

» Tobit with the

Flames |

Flaming heart

Gideon kneeling before thej
fleece on which iiad|
descended the dewi
from heaven '

Globb

Victory of Christianity over

Paganism.
Sin — the devil. Gen. iii.

Rev. vii. 9.
Heresy vanquished.
Peace with God through

Redemption. Gen. viii. 10.

The Holy GhosL S. Matt.

iii. 16. Righteousness —

Purity — The soul.
The seven gifts of the Holy

Ghost.

Souls of departed childi*en.

The SpiiMt of God which
fell on the Prophets.

The Bread of the Eucharist.

Chastity.

The Ascension of Christ.

The Christian faith; because
the 5 Greek letters of the
woiM fish form the ana-
f^ram of Christ — Water
and Baptism.

Christ as Saviour— Baptism.

Mainyrdom and punishment
— religious fervour.

Fervent piety and love.

Christ's miraculous birth of
a Virgin.

Sovereignty.

EXTENDED SYMBOLISM OF CIIRISTiaN ART. 201

Glory (see Nimbus).
Grapes

» (Bunch of) carried by^
Joshua & Caleb. )

Grasshoppers or the Golden)
locusts \

Hand stretched out from)
the clouds. (

Hare (by a play on the)
Greek word) ^

Hart or Hind

Harvest

i

Horse

» in full career.
Jackal (on Egypto-Chris-)

tian monuments) (
Jacob's Ladder
Jonah delivered from the)

whale i

Joseph sold by his brethren

Keys

Lamb

\

The Blood of Christ & the

Martyrs — the wine of

the Eucharisc.
Fruitful ness — if on a Font,

a fruitful marriage. Ps.

cxxviji. 3.

Aboriginal races.

The Power of God. (Ps.
cxliv. 7. Isaiah lix. 1.

The Logos.

Baptism — A Christian's
tliirst for Christ (Ps. xlii.
12) — solitude and purity
of life.

Death and the final in-gath-
ering.

War.

The course or race of life.

Death.

The Ascension.

Christ w^ho could not be
liolden by the grave.

The Betrayal of Christ.

The power to bindandloose
(S. Matt. xvi. 19.;

The Redeemer (Rev. v. 6.
S. John i. 29) — ChristV.
flock (S, John x.; — Inno-
cence, meekness and ir.o-
desty.

202 EXTENDED SYMBOLISM OF CIIKISTIAX ART.

Lamp, lantern, or taper
Lily

Lion

i,otus blossom
Lyre

Nimbus glory ov aureole

Olive bpjanch

Palm j

I
Pandora (as the Gi^eek Eve)

Peacock

Pelican

Pentalpha

Piety ''Let your light so
shine*' — Wisdom.

Purity and chastity.

The Lion of the trihe of
Jada (Rev. v. 5.) — 1 lie
Devil (I. S. Pet. V. 8. —
solitude (the wilderness)
-— death in the amphi-
theatre.

Early death.

The praise due to God.

Saints and Martyrs (Rev-
ii. 10) and other passages.
II Tim. iv. 8. I. S. Pet. v.
4. S. James i. 12.

Eternal peace in Christ.

Victory over death (Rev.
vii. 9.)

Allegorical of human suf-
fering and ill springing
from knowledge.

The exchange of the mor-
tal for the immortal — im-
mortality on account of an
ancient tradition that its
flesh w^as not subject to
corruption.

Thd Redeemer who shed
His blood for His people.

A Pentagram formed by two
interlacing triangles; sup-
posed to be a protection
against evil spirits.

EXTENDED SYMBOLISM OF CflRISTIAN ART. 203

Phoenix

Pomegranate bursting open)
and seeds visible ]
Rainbow

Ram sacrificed in Isaac's!
stead )

Rape of Ganymede

Rivers ofParadise The four

Rock. Doves slieltei'ing in)

the \

» Moses striking the

)
Rod that budded (Aaron's)

Roll of parch nnent.

Rose j

Rose (five leaved^

Samson

» with the gates of/
Gaza )

Sea voyage
Serpent. The Brazen

» rising out of a cup
» under a veil
Ships — referring to the
Ark of Noah, Jonah. |
and S. Peter's boati
in the storm
Standard with the Cross
Stork

Resurrection.

Hope in immortality — the
future.

God's favour (Gen. ix. 13).

Christ who gave Himself
as the one great Sacrifice
for the sins of the world.

Early death.

The four Evangelists.

Souls of departed children.

See Water.

Christ's miraculous birih of
a Virgin.

The Old Testament (See
Book.;

The Virgin Mary (Rose of
Sharon). Cant. ii. 1. 2.

Silence as in the confes-
sional.

S. Peter.

Christ who burst the gates
of hell.

The way to eternal life.

The Crucified Saviour.

Poison.

Christian dialectics.

The Church of God — The
Communion of the faith-
ful.

The triumph of Christianity*
Love and tenderness.

204 EXTENDED SYMBOLISM OF CHRISTIAN ART.

Swan
Swine

Sybils — especially the Ti-
buiHine.

Syrens

Syren holding an Apple

TOBIT

Tree

Triangle

\
Unicorn )

\
Vine /

Vintage of j^rapes or g^ather-/
ing of olives ^

Water flowing from the
rock smitten by
Moses I

Wolf (She) with Romulass
and Remus at the^
foot of the Cross )

Wolves

Approaching death.

Sin.

The Light shining in dark-
ness.

Temptation through the sen-
ses — the Chi'istian soul
purified by baptism.

Reference to Eve.

See Fish

The tree of knowledge —

the Gross of Christ— the
exaltation of the Cross.

The Holy Trinity.

Chastity — the Horn of Sal-
vation. (S. Luke i. 68)

The Holy Communion —
Christ (S. John xv. 1-5).

Death gathering in the
Harvest.

Birth of Christ of a Virgin
— Christ of whom the
people drank in the wil-
derness. (L Cor. X. 4.)

Rome as the centre of the
Christian world.

False teachers, in opposi-
tion to the dogs i. e. the
teachers who protect the
Church from false teach-
ers — wolves.

^^U^

APPENDIX A.
Dress of the Clergy

Priest. The dress of the Priest in ever}^ day hfe con-
sists of the Cassock, a long, straight, black garment
buttoned down the front; and a Baretta, which was
originally round, but later four-cornered.

The official vestments consist of the six pieces
following :

1. — The Amice; a four cornered oblong cloth,
folded round the Collar of the Cassock and tied with
strings in front. In putting it on it is laid first on
the head and then drawn down upon the shoulders,
and so it sometimes appears to be a sort of hood,
and sometimes looks like a collar visible above the
vestments.

2. — The Albe ; a long white hnen garment with
Jong, closely fitting sleeves, worn over the Cassock.
It is often trimmed with embroiderj^ or with pieces
of stuir of the colour of the vestments.

3. — The Girdle; a narrow strip of white stuH*, or
a cord serving to gird up the Albe for convenience
in walking.

4. — The Stole; a long narrow strip which is laid
over the shoulders with the ends hanging down in
front as low as the knees, over the Albe.

206 DRESS OF THE CLERGY

5. — The Chasuble; ihe special vestment for the
celebration of the Mass; it was originally a wide
sleeveless cloak with an opening for the head over
which ic was drawn on, but for convenience sake
to relieve the weight on the arms, it was first drawn
up wi(h strings, and later the sides were cut away,
until by degi^ees it became a long strip with an
opening foi* the head, falling half in front and half
over the back where it was ornamented with a cross.

6. — The Maniple ; originally a towel, later a mere
strip hung over the left arm.

Deacon. The vestment of a deacon is a Dalmatic, a short
coloured tunic reaching to just below the knee; with
long, closely fitting sleeves. It is worn over the
Albe. The Deacon also wears Stole and Maniple,
but the Stole is laid only over the left shoulder and
fastened together on the right hip.

SuBDEAcoN. The Subdeacon wears, over the Albe, the
Tunicle, which resembles the Dalmatic; and the
Maniple on his left arm.

Bishop. The official dress of a Bishop consists of all the
foregoing pieces which should be put on in the fol-
lowing order: Amice, Albe, Girdle, Stole, Tunicle^
Dalmatic, Chasuble, Maniple. In addition are the
following which belong only to the Bishop. The
Mitre; originally an almost crescent shaped cap
after the fashion of that of the Jewish High Priest;
from the back of it hung loosely two ribbons.

Gloves are ornamented on the back with an em-
broidered cross or a rosette. On the middle finger
of the right hand, over the glove, the Bishop wears
a gold Ring set with jewels.
The Pastoral Staff was at first just like the ordi-

DRESS OF TJIE CLERGY 207

nary shephei'd's crook and the shape underwent
modification later.

The Rationale. This was a special mark of diijtinction
bestowed by the Pope. It was worn on the breast
and corresponded to the breastplate of the Jewish
High Priest. It appears later to have been replaced
by the episcopal Pectoral Cross.

The Cope is a large, richly embroidered mantle
fastened on the breast with a Morse. It is worn over
the Dalmatic, and then the Chasuble is not worn.

Archbishop. The robes are similar to tliose of the
Bishop except that Archbishops alone wear the
Pallium, a wide strip on which is a cross, which,
covering the shoulders falls to the bottom of the
Chasuble. The Archiepiscopal Cross is instead of,
or in addition to the Pastoral Staff.

APPENDIX B.
Dress of the Monastic Orders

Monks wear a Colobium; i. e. a closely fitting garnrient
for the house, bound round the waist with a girdle-, the
shoulders are covered by the Mozetta, a large collar, to
w'.iich the Hood or Cowl is sewn at the back; from this
hangs, front and back, almost to the feet, a broad strip
of stuff called the Scapular.

Nuns wear instead of the Mozette, the Wimple, a hand-
kerchief round the neck and chest, usually White; and
a veil covering the head, usually black.

The colour and shape of the habit varies in the dif-'
ferent orders.

Antonine Friars; black, with leathern girdle.
AuGusTiNEs (Hermits) \ black, with leathern girdle.
AuGusTiNEs (Regular Canons): white, with fur cloak and

a Bai-ette.
AuGusTixE NUNS I whitc habit and black veil.
Benedictines and Bernardines: black or white.
Brigittines: gray; on the breast a cross in a circle.
Camaldolensians : colobium and scapular white,

the nuns, white habit with black veil.
Carmelites: Colobium black, cloak while, or black and
white striped

DRESS OF THE MONASTIC CRDERS 20Q

Carthusians: Habit white, leathern or hempen girdle,
ihe ffont and back of the broad scapular bound
round with two stripes near the bottom.
The nuns' habit is white, and veil black.

Cistercians; Colobium white, with black scapular and
red shoes.

CcELESTiNEs: Colobium white, scapular and hood black.

Dominicans: Colobium white, cloak black; scapular white
for the monks, black for lay brothers.

Franciscans : All the numerous branches of this order
— Minorites, Recollects, Capuchins, Minims, Obser-
vants, &c, wear grey or brown habits with a white,
knotted, cord as girdle, and no scapular; some wear
sandals, other are barefoot.

The nuns wear a brown habit wilh white wimple
and black veil.

Jeronymites: Colobium white, leathern girdle, white
stocking cap, tan coloured cloak.

Premonstratensians: Colobium black, mozette, scapular,
and cloak white, on the breast an eight-rayed star.
The nuns white with leathern girdle.

Servites : All black.

Trinitarians: Colobium, pointed hood and scapular
white; on the latter as well as on the black cloak
a red and blue cross.

Vallombrosans: Habit pale ash colour or light gray;
cloak black.

The knights of religious orders wear armour; over
it the Templars wear a white cloak with blood-red
cross: The knights of S. John a black cloak with
white cross: Deutschherrn a white cloak with black
cross.

APPENDIX C.
Regular Clerks

•i-^-!'

S. Cajetan, distressed at the neglect of tlieip duties by
tiie clergy, instituted the order of so-called regular
clerks i. e. priests united by vows to fulfil the duties
of theip office. There were eight congregations of re-
gular clerks in Italy.

1. Theatines — usually called simply Regular clerks as

they were the first Founded 1524

2. Regular Clerks of S. Mayeul or Soma-

sques (a village near Milan) » 1530

of S. Paul (Barnabites) » 1533

of the Society of Jesus » 1540

ministers to the sick, called
also cross bearers from a
redcross on their cassocks
Minors » 1588

of Pious Schools » 1621

of the mother of God. » 1628

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TCRONTO-5, CANADA

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