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The Architect & engineer of California [and the] P

V. 57, no. 3 (June 1919).

San Francisco, Calif.: Architect and Engineer Co., 19

v., 26 cm.

coast states.

-1919.

Monthly .^tfe-

Began with: Vol. 1 (IvoS). Descriptionbase^ohr vX, ho. r(Feb.l906).

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THE STAR EXPANSION BOLT W.

EVERYTHINQ IN EXPANSION BOLTS

TOQQLE BOLTS ALL KINDS

STONE DRILLS BRICK DRILLS

BL.BCTRIC AQErVCieS CO., Agents

Seattle: 520 Central Bldf. 1010 Howard St., San Fraocisco, Cal. Us ABieles: 542 Byrne BIdf.

The Architect and Engineer

of California ^'°&*ceSt''s"'

Pacific Coast States

Issued monthly in the interests of Architects. Structural Enifineers. Contractors and the Allied Trades of the Pacific CoMt.

Terms of Subscription. $1.50 per Year

Contents for January

Frontispiece- Hotel Sacramento

Se//on and Hemmings, Architects

Address of President Cass Gilbert at the 42d Convention, A. I. A. Dangers of Concrete Construction -

The Columbia Theater Building

C.W. Whitney

Two Modem Apartment Houses

Oliver &^ Foulkes, Architects

San Francisco's Lack of Drinking Fountains -

Horatio F. Sloll

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35 41 43

45 49

57

^^%17/p. B/l7r,^Secy of National Ass n of Paving Brick Manufacturers

Waterpi^oofing in Refrigerating Work „ " ^ . ^/ ■ ^^

Edward IV. De Knight

The Architecture of the New Whitman College ^^

E. F. Lawrence, Architect

Scheme to Tunnel San Francisco Bay - - ^^

F. T. Newbery, C. E.

Rebuilding the Cliff House, San Francisco ^^^

The Great Pyramid of Gizeh in Two Papers— I - 7^'

James Dickie, M. E.

Among the Architects - - -

78 Editorial - - - - /o

80 Heating and Ughting

By the Way - - ^^

(For Index to Advertisements See Pajfe 97)

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THE

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Pacific Coast States

Vol. XV.

JANUARY, 1909.

No. 3.

Address of President Cass Gilbert at the Forty- Second Convention, American Institute ' of Architects.*

IT HAS become the custom for the president of the Institute to present at the opening session of each convention an address or message summarizing the work in the past or suggesting work for the future. And, reluctant as I am to consume the vakiable time of the convention, I comply, in the hope that it will not be amiss to suggest some general ideas for your consideration.

Each year of the Institute's life bears a general similarity to each preceding year, and yet each year brings new problems, or the more complete solution of old ones ; and finds the Institute growing in spirit, larger in numbers, stronger in faith in itself and with a rightly increasing influence both on the art we^ practice and on the relations of the public and of the government to that art.

If we compare the broad influence of the Institute today with even that glimpse of the "Golden Age" some fifteen years ago, when the Columbian Expo- sition was built, by the leaders of our Institute ; and we achieved governmental recognition as a profession, through the passage of the Tarsney Act ; we will see the sure advance of a great national organization to a truly national scope— and so seeing we will realize the responsibilities that come with increased au- thority. Let us grow in wisdom as we have grown in numbers, in power and

in material wealth. . • i j

1 forbear to make a comparison in detail or to furnish statistical records, but the evidence is before you in the fact that through the wise councils and unselfish endeavor of the Institute we have come to be the adviser, .and as need arises the respected arbiter in matters of the gravest importance. Then it was with difficulty that we obtained a hearing from either the public or the govern- ment Today we are welcomed in the councils of all those who sincerely desire to do well in matters within the sphere of our profession. Our great and growing cities, our states and the national government itself, all call upon us for professional counsel and approach the subject of architecture and the other fine arts from a standpoint largely influenced thereby.

The President of the United States, in calling together that notable con- ference of the governors for consideration of the conservation of the national

the Union.

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resources of our country, invited the American Institute of Architects, as one of a few organizations of national scope to take part therein, and we have now an Institute Committee acting with the Conservation Commission which grew out of that confei'ence. This commission, will, I believe, become one of the greatest powers for national good that has ever been created.

Many of the states are considering laws for the licensing of architects, some have already passed such laws, whether with wisdom or not will only be proved by experience, but for the present it may be said that it is an experiment intended to be for the protection of the public and of the architects alike.

Several of our cities have official consulting architects to advise as to the best method of procedure and to guide their officials in all matters of

design.

Civic associations and municipal authorities are calling the members of our profession to assist in the study and betterment of civic conditions, the designs of streets, parks, bridges and public monuments, and I need not add that the members of the Institute have responded cordially in assisting in these endeavors for the general good.

Our relations with individuals and corporations, with the public artd with the government have been fostered and strengthened and we hove won the confidence of them all because we have endeavored 'to deserve it.

Abroad, the Institute is recognized as one of the greati^st organizations of its kind — and our affiliations with foreign societies of art, science, and letters are growing closer from year to year. /

The Congress of Architects in London of 1906, and in Vienna of 1908, and the international incidents of the last convention of the Royal Institute of British Architects have demonstrated the increased respect in which our Institute is held and promise a closer relation with conse<|uent mutual advantage for the future — such closer bond of sympathy and understanding between American and foreign societies of like intention has not been without encouragement from ^fhe National Government, however, indirect or Incidental, and in a large sense- makes for a better understanding between nation and nation, weaving one more strand in the fabric of amity that makes for the peace of the world.

Our committees have chosen as the principal topic for this convention the relations of the arts to the government, and you will be invited to con- sider, and act on that proposition that it is desirable for the art works of the government to be under the general control of a Bureau of the Fine Arts. I will not anticipate the report of the committee by more than this brief reference to the subject, but may add that in all of our discussion of it we must bear in mind that we look at it from only one side, viz. ; that of the artist and the professional man, but that before such a proposition can be enacted into law it will be subject to careful legislative scrutiny; it will be considered from the standpoint of economy and administration, and many objections will doubtless be raised: many corrections and amendments will be made. But the outcome will be progress.

Let us do our part with wisdom and care, let us consider what we ought to do and balance it off against what we can do. Let us not forget that we are citizens with the citizen's duty to do, so far as we can do it within our own sphere ; and with the citizen's right to suggest or demand ; but that we are neither statesmen nor legislators and that to them is committed the responsibility for the enactment of laws and for the finding of ways and means.

The convention will probably consider among other things the ever present and intimate topics of professional ethics, competitions and sched- ules of charges. Let us deal with all these matters in a very broad way, and be guided by generous consideration for the other point of view, whatever it may be- Let us be generous, even to ourselves.

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In the matter of ethics, I quote an extract from the constitution and

bv-laws of the Civic Club of New York :

''We stand : , r i .

"For knowledge and progress; for rational enjoyment and for whatever

''' '^'^'No man can grow unless he has room in which to grow; we will not crowd the next man, but we will not be crowded by him. We will therefore eive and take, but we will not compromise nor temporize with wrong or with wrong-doers. We will leave the hiding places to the weak and will fight for them and for ourselves in full view of all.

''We will cultivate friendship with all, but we will not fear the enmity of those who oppose our principles."

Let us have an ethical code so broad that it will cover all right conduct Moral right is the basis of all ethical codes. We cannot create moral rieht or wrong by fiat of a convention. In moral law, what is right today was always right. It is only by instinct, experience and wisdom that we perceive moral law as applied. We do not always perceive accurately, hence our codes change with the years and with the conditions. It is character, not codes, that determines a man's life and his relations to his neighbor.

Let us beware of the hastv adoption of a narrow code which would place the technical stigma of ^'Hinprofessional conduct" upon honorable practitioners, or limit the proper activities and usefulness of our members. Let us sternly rebuke those forms of practice which infringe on moral rieht which place selfish interest above the general good; or tend to lessen the dignitv or lower the tone of the profession. And with just and well- considered rules of conduct, let us hold ourselves as well as our neighbors to strict accountability for their fulfillment. In short, let us have the righ code or none at all ! The Institute is safer relying on the n^oral sense of ^s members thaa upon an inefficient or unwise code ^ enforced. Our committee will be guided by your decision ; on you rests the

'''^'weneTal the same reasoning applies to the matter of the schedule of charges That some modification is desirable is obvious to all. \\ e cannot h"; Mohave a schedule of charges that will fit with n.athematica preci.^^^ and equal justice all conditions, but we can have a schedule that ^ ^ J^^"^ ^ startin^r point-and that shall represent a reasonable minimum. It must be a bu ^n^es^paper, simple, direct and to the point. It must be self-evident omprehensW^ and devoid of argument; i-onclusive statem^.^^^^^^^^^^^^ suggestions or elusive phraseology have no place in such ^ ^^^^""^^"^, /j luust be a basic minimum statement leaving reasonable variations to local

^ ^"xhlt the demands upon the architects both in professional service and in the cost thereof have enormously increased is a well known fact "l he schedule when adopted some forty years ago represented fair remunera tion for that time, but it does not represent fair remuneration now.

On the subject of competitions there is much to say-and much that

had better be left unsaid. Probably 90 per cent f.^ll^.'°^^''lZi oil culties have grown out of this one fruitfuT tree of discord. Let me point out however, the economic side of the question.

'The profession is expending vast energy and an enormous sun, each vear fruitlessly foolishly, blindlv in maintammg this wasteful system. It Crbeen Sssible to obtain data or to form anything like an adequate estimate oX cost. We do know, however, of specific instances which

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may be quoted as examples. Let me quote only one as typical. The gov- ernment established a competition within the last year wherein some one hundred and thirty competitors took part, expending in addition to their own time and service, about $65,000. The fees paid to the pri^e winners and to the expert advisors amounted to about $5000. Loss $60,000. The total gross fee of the successful competitor estimated on a per centum of the proposed cost of the buildmg is about $12,500 and his net estimated profit from this fee about $4500. Net loss to the profession about $55,000. And in the end, I am credibly informed, the jury's award was disregarded and even the plan finally selected had to be revised.

The government refuses to receive from a building contractor any value not required by the contract, without paying for it; and yet — strange inconsistency— the laws or customs are such that it does not hesitate to accept such value from us. The competition system has become so wide- spread that now it applies not only to government buildings but to all other classes of buildings. I think it would not be too much to say that the architects in this country annually expend over $1,000,000 in competitions from which they receive no return. How long can the profession stand this drain? And this is not all— to foot up the total you must add the profits that should have accrued from time and money expended, the wasted time and eftort, the neglect of other duties, the depressing — the disheartening disappointments and the dissensions that ensue. If fault there be, it lies in ourselves. The correction is in our power. The public is eager to under- stand and ready to accept the professional man's point of view of it — that view — is sane and consistent.

The public does not know, and cannot understand this great waste. It is well that we should understand it and take serious thought. • We have during the past year sought information as to the amount of money expended in building in the United States for a period of years. Inquiry has been made of the authorities of every city in the country of over 20,000 inhabitants. We have asked like information from the Treas- ury Department and from the Census Bureau. We find that city records are not available in all cases, but have collected such information as they could give us. The Treasury Department's reports are, of course, clear and comprehensive so far as works under its charge are concerned. The Census Bureau could give^us no information at all.

With the development of the Institute come larger duties and a natural demand for a larger working capital. Our usefulness is constantly ham- pered for lack of funds. Our committees have to limit their work by the closest demands of economy, and many useful projects must be neglected for this reason. The Institute should take a greater part in educational work, not only for students of architecture, but for students and apprentices in the lesser arts and in the trades. We could do most valuable work for the world if we could have under our supervision art guilds and trade schools, if we could direct the work of the young mechanic or artisan who labors in the building trades. Give him a knowledge of his art, inspire him to its finer development and you make him a better artisan and a better citizen. Under the patronage of the Institute, lectures, exhibitions, circu- lating libraries, scholarships, and the like should be established. The Insti- tute should take an active part in research and archeology, in library and museum work and in many other forms of development from which all the people as well as ourselves would derive benefit. But all this means the expenditure of a great sum of money annually. It n>eans an endowment, and a large one; an endowment of which we would be only the trusteed, not

0 •*

the beneficiaries. We cannot look for such an endowment with a selfish end in view, and its acquisition would increase, not lessen, our labors and

responsibilities. ^ c i.

In maintaining our place in the professional world, we must not forget that it is the student of today who is the practitioner of tomorrow. We should therefore act helpfully toward the younger men. Shar^with them our successes, give them their chance as we have had ours, and foster their reasonable ambitions for professional opportunity and success. So wm their confidence by generous and helpful acts that they will naturally seek vour counsel and be guided by your experience They will nchly repay you by loyal support of those principles and ideals for which you stand^ When vou receive a young student into your offices, bear in mind that it is your du y to him and to fll concerned to see to it that he is fit for the future work of an architect. If you cannot teach him yourself, put him under charge ot

someone w^o^ca .^^ ^^^ opportunity consistent with their ability, but

carefully select those who are best fitted by natural inclination and advise the others to seek another occupation. Encourage those who give promise of fitness but reject the inefficient, the indolent, or the incompetent. And so build ^p a strong body of practitioners who can be useful to themselves and to the world. To this end then I recommend such action by the con- vent on as wUl foster and encourage the educational side of our work both ha the matter of ethics and design. If this can wisely be accomplished by a closer affiliation with the other societies, or by establishing a junior grade, or grade of aspirants within our own Institute, let us so proceed.

I suggest a closer union of our chapters and a system of correspond- ence between them. Topics of discussion, such as the arts and the laws and theodes of practice, might be arranged in series so that there would TelonSatL'of effon. ff the members of the Institute think and work

othef. "As Tne lamp lighteth another and groweth not less, so nobleness

enkindles nobleness." 4- „ ..,*

But above all, remember that we are engaged in a great creative art, and that tn the la;t analysis we stand or fall by our success as crea ive artists Let us cultivate, then, that finer side of our lives and maintain ?hose high ideals which have ever made our profession the recorder of the worid's progress, the conservator of its rarest treasures, and the creator of

its noblest monuments. . .

At the end you may say with Stevenson, "I know what pleasure .s, for

I have done good work." , • i i i- r 4.

This forceful and comprehensive address was received with the liveliest satisfaction. The broad-minded .nnd dignified statement of the objects and aims of the convention served as the keynote to subsequent deliberations an^ in Ike manner President Gilbert's performance of the arduous and trying duties as presiding officer made possible the large measure of accom-

plishment.

Other Features of the Convention.

The evening was devoted to the memorial meeting in appreciation and exhibition of works of Augustus Saint Gaudens, by thp I"st|tute.

This meeting in its inception, the perfection of its details, and its sue cessful consummation, marks an epoch in the history cif the Institute.

I can be truthfully stated that no greater tribute has ever been paid to the memory o an American artist, and the fact that it was conducted by

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.'the Institute to so successful an issue, should be a source of great pride to every architect in America. It was a fitting ending to a year of dignified effort and the committee in charge is deserving of the highest praise..

At the request of President Gilbert, Secretary of State Root presided at the meeting. In accepting, Mr. Root spoke briefly, and referred to having known Saint Gaudens in Rome, some forty years ago. He dwelt in a force- ful way on the influence of the work of Saint Gaudens on American art. He then introduced President Roosevelt.

President Roosevelt, who spoke with his accustomed earnestness, said :

''Augustus Saint Gaudens was a very great sculptor. This makes all. the world his debtor, but in a peculiar sen.se it makes all his countrymen his debtor. In any nation those citizens, who possess the pride in their nationality without which they cannot claim to be good citizens, must feel a particular satisfaction in the deeds of every man who adds to the sum of worthy national achievement.

"The great nations of antiquity, of the Middle Ages, and of modern times, were and are great in each several case, not only because of the col- lective achievements of each people as a whole, but because of the sum of the achievements of the men of special eminence ; and this whether they ex- celled in warcraft or statecraft, as roadmakers or cathedral builders, as men of letters, men of art, or men of science. The field of effort is almost limitless; and preeminent success in any part of it is not only a good thing V for humanity as a whole, but should be especially prized by the nation to which the man achieving the success belongs.

"Particularly should this be so with us in America. As is natural, we have won our greatest success in the field of an abounding material achieve- ment; we have conquered a continent; we have laced it with railways; we have dotted it with cities. Quite unconsciously, and as a mere incident to this industrial growth, we have produced some really marvelous artistic — eflPects. ^ ^ :

"Again, some day people will realize that one effect of the 'sky- scrapers' in New York, of the massing of buildings of enormous size and height on an island surrounded by waterways, has been to produce a city of singularly imposing type, and of unexampled picturesqueness. A great artist will yet arise to bring before our eyes the powerful irregular sky- line of the great city at sunset, or in the noonday brightness, and, above all, at night, when the lights flash from the dark, mountainous mass of buildings, from the stately bridges that span the East River, and from the myriad craft that blaze as they ply to and fro across the waters.

"Our success in the field of pure art, as in the fields of pure literature and pure science, has been behind the success we have achieved in provid- ing by the practical application of art and science, for bodily comfort, bodily welfare, and for the extraordinary industrial mechanism which forms the framework and skeleton of our modern civilization. The twi- light of letters continues; but much is now being done in the field of art; and Saint Gaudens was an artist who can hardly be placed too high."

The President referred at some length and with much detail of de- scription to Saint Gaudens' work in modeling the new coinage. Standing where his eye could command a view of almost the entire exhibit, he dwelt in vivid description of the impression created by the more important examples of Saint Gaudens' work, and closed his address with the follow- ing tribute to his great genius:

"Greatest of all is his Lincoln. Lincoln was the plain rnan of the people, the people's President; homely, gaunt, ungainly; and this homely

figure, clad in ill-fitting clothes of the ugly modern type, held one of the loftiest souls that ever burned within the breast of mankind. It is Saint Gaudens' peculiar quality that, without abating one jot of the truthfulness of portrayal of the man's outside aspect, yet makes that outside aspect of little weight because of what is shown of the soul within.

"We look as Saint Gaudens' mighty statue of the mighty Lincoln and we are stirred to awe and wonder and devotion for the^ great man who, in strength and sorrow, bore the people's burdens through the four years of our direst need, and then, standing as high priest between the horns of the altar, poured out his own lifeblood for the nation whose life he had

saved.

"In this quality of showing the soul. Saint Gaudens' figures are more impressive than the most beautiful figures that have come down from the aYt of ancient Greece; for their unequaled beauty is of the form merely, and Saint Gaudens' is of the spirit within."

The scholarly address of Ambassador Jusserand, who has many times •spoken to gatherings of architects in this country and abroad, received the closest attention and awoke among many present visions of earlier years when they were students in Paris. His appreciation of Saint Gaudens was received with the liveliest satisfaction.

Dangers of Concrete Construction

IN AN interview given the Washington Herald, Mr. James Knox Taylor, Supervismg Architect of the Treasury Department, said, referring to the dangers in the use of reinforced concrete construction: "I would favor the further use of reinforced concrete in the construction of government buildings if it were possible for us to get a sufficient number of expert superin- tendents to take charge of the work. It requires careful and expert watching. I am afraid that we shall always encounter, or for a long time at TeasT7 the same difficulty that we find now in its use, namely that while we can easily get superintendents, we can not get a large enough number of them who are highly trained in the use of concrete. There is too much danger in the indiscnmmate use of concrete to permit us to try to make it a common material in the con- struction of government buildings unless, or until, this danger can be in some way eliminated." Mr. Taylor is the highest functionary in the United States government, as far as building construction is concerned, and his opinion is of great value.' In this case, it is simply a reiteration of what so many experts have contended. Reinforced concrete is a most attractive mode of construction theoretically, and splendid results may be attained— from laboratory tests. But it is so variable a quantity and is so susceptible to tribulations in its handling that, spite of the arguments of its votaries, the gentlemen who have cement to sell it is the most unsafe medium of construction known. All other materials are' completed and can be subjected to tests, and are, to a degree, tested in handling before being brought upon a building, while reinforced concrete can only be tested after the structure is completed, when it is usually too late to remedy the defect. The large number of concrete collapses further il- lustrates this point. Another government officer, Engineer Humphrey, of the Geological Survey (who, by the way, is also the president of a cement organiza- tion which fact gives still greater force to his statement) adds that after an examination of most of these collapsed concrete buildings he is convinced that certain inherent troubles existed in them all, and he fears that similar troubles exist in many that have not yet collapsed, and avers that it seems a miracle to him that more concrete buildings have not collapsed.— Clayworker.

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Columbia Theater. San Francisco Bliss &> Faville. Architects

The Columbia Theater Building

By C W. WHITNEY.

SAN FRANCISCO was always, and still is, very much of a theater-going center and with the rebuilding of the city it has been natural to look forward to the erection of permanent theater buildings which not only would serve the ever increasing demands of a drama-loving people, but would also in architectural design, in facilities for elaborate theatrical productions and in convenience and safety for the public, be a credit to the city. Such a theatre building and more isthe new Columbia theatre now under course of erection at the southwest corner of Geary and Mason streets. In its architect- ural features, iMessrs. Bliss & Faville, the architects, have produced very pleas- ine effects throughout. The main facade of the building, which fronts on deary street is to be faced with a special cream-colored pressed brick set off with fluted' columns of terra cotta, while a beautiful color effect will be presented to the whole by twisted columns, panels, architraves, urns, etc., constructed ot special polychrome terra cotta in four colors. a . * •

The theater building proper is a thoroughly fireproof Class A structure with steel frame, fireproofed with concrete. It is 97/2 feet wide and extends

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ColinuHa Theater. San I' latiitsio Blt'^s & I-aviUe. Architects

The Columbia Theater Building

P.y C. W. WHITXRV.

S\.\ I'RAXCISO) was always, and -still is, very much of a theater-going center, and with the rchuifding of the city it has hecn natural to look forward to the erection of permanent theater huildings which not only would serve the ever increasing demands of a drama-loving peo])le. hut would also in architectural design, in facilities for elahorate theatrical productions and 'in convenience and safety for the puhlic, be a credit to the city. Such a theatre building and more is'the new Columbia theatre now under course ot erection at the southwest corner of (ieary and Mason streets. In its architect- ural features Messrs. liliss & Faville, the architects, have produced very pleas- incr effects throughout. The main facade of the building, which fronts on ( icary street is to be faced with a special cream-colored pressed brick set otf with fluted' columns of terra cotta, while a beautiful color etTect will be presented t«. the whole by twisted columns, i)anels, architraves, urns, etc., constructed ot special polvchrome terra cotta in four colors.

The t'heater building proi)er is a thoroughly firei)root L lass A structure with steel frame, t'lrepronfed with cmicrete. It is ')7'.> feet wide and extends

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the full depth of the lot, 137j/^ feet. It is given up entirely to the theater audi- torium, stage and the usual ladies' room, ticket office, manager's office, check room, etc., with smoking room and bar in the t)asement. The ornamentation on the interior is particularly graceful and ornate, the plaster decorations being especially beautiful.

As an annex to the theater building proper, there will be constructed, w^ith a front on Mason street and adjoining the rear of the theater, a brick building which will provide space for dressing rooms, property room and carpenter shop. Ample space will also be provided in this annex for storage of scenery, the scenery room being connected with the rear of the stage by means of openings equipped with automatically closing fireproof steel rolling doors.

The theater will have a large number of exits, opening both on to Geary street and Mason street. The building will have a heating and ventilating equipment, and special attention is also to be paid to the design of the electrical work, the plumbing and other mechanical features. The foyer is to be lined with Utah Caen stone, while the stairs and the floors of the public passages will be of the best grade of Tennessee marble.

The work on the theater, for which the Ransome Concrete Company has the general contract, is now well under way, and before the end of next year it is expected that the building will be entirely completed and ready for occu- pancy. Messrs. Gottlob, Marx & Company, lessees of the Van Ness theater, will be the lessees of the new Columbia theater. Their long and efficient man- agement of theatrical properties augurs well for the success of the new theater.

Another very interesting and, in many respects, unusual structure which is now being erected by the Ransome Concrete Company as general contractors, is the half-million-dollar Hotel Sacramento, at the corner of Tenth and K streets, Sacramento. This building is of reinforced concrete construction, four stories, basement and^nezzanine floor, and is surmounted by a roof

garden. The travelling public have long commented on the need of an up-to- date hostelry in Sacramento and are now rejoicing that this new structure is to meet their expectations so satisfactorily. The construction being reinforced concrete, gives great stability and durability to the building and, moreover, has given the architects, Messrs. Sellon & Hemmings, opportunity for an unusual and specially artistic architectural treatment. Open balconies are to be located on both street fronts of the building, while the roof garden, covered along the street fronts by a pergola of rough-sawn timber construction with red tile roof, will tend to give the building a very pleasing appearance.

In its interior treatment the hotel will have elaborate decorations in the mam lobby, lounging hall, dining room, banquet hall, and reception rooms, bar room and grill room. The finish in lobby and public rooms on the first floor is to be of Sienna marble with scagliola columns to match, while the woodwork is to be completed in natural finish jenisero.

The hotel will have upward of two hundred rooms and will be well equipped with elevator service, pneumatic tubes, and other- special features necessary for the accommodation of the guests.

A large machinery equipment will provide for the heating and ventilating systems, a vacuum system and refrigerating plant, while the electrical work will be of the latest pattern.

The rough structure of thie Hotel Sacramento is now completed, and the contractors are rapidly pushing the work of interior finishing. It is .expected that the building will be completed and turned over to the owners about next Tune.

The Architect and Engineer ^^

Two Modern Apartment Houses

IV/IESSRS OLIVER & FOULKES.of San Francisco are the architects of I wo handsome modern apartment houses now under construction, one m ^ ' San Francisco and the other in Oakland. The Keystone apartments occupy what is probably the most valuable site for an apartment house m San Francisco Not only ^ was the fifty vara lot at Washington and Hyde streets selected because of the magnificent and unobstructable marme view, but also be- cause the situation is an admirable one on account of the many street car

fspilities

The adopted plan was selected from a number of studies as giving the maximum number of rooms with commanding outlooks, sunshme, etc., and each of the ten apartments to a floor are located in separate pavilions, thus obtaining the greatest possible privacy under a single roof. „ j u,.

The building, which is six stories high, is pure colonial in design ?nd has the usual effect of solidity and grace which this style so well affords. The interior is elegant, homelike and wonderfully convenient. The fundamental conception of an apartment house is a combination of the usual comforts and conveniences of a well-appointed residence, a central loca- tion and all at a reasonable rental. . . ,

'Each apartment is equipped with an electric lift of automatic control, a circulating brine system of refrigeration for each pantry, dish washing machine, private laundry with clothes dryer and a suction plant for the disposal o dust. A safe deposit vault with separate boxes for each apartment is located on the first floor adjacent to the office. , , . -^i

Sun parlors, billiard rooms, ladies' parlor. =\g«"«'-«\'<'""g'"g [°°'"'/°" ' hall, children's play room, an attractive tea garden on the roof, all add to the comfort and entertainment of the guests.

Similar to the Keystone in many of its appurtenances is the Pera ta apart- ment 1 oue being built for Drs. Huntington and Dow at Thirteenth and Jackson -^tSs, Oakland^ The design ts on the Spanish order. The buik mg will be .«^ stories high, 120x130 feet and will cost in the neighborhood of $200.UUU.

* *

The Treatment of Ceilings

Some of the world's greatest artists have been employed from time to time in painting ceilings. Michael Angelo imich .^g^'n^' l"^/^'"; '^ l^^'^^ nainted very elaborate decorations on one of the ceilings of the Si.stine Chapel ^nH in the last centurv it was very common to have medallions and panels Jainted on canvas whkh was attached to ceilings. In Stafford House, London C is an elaborately painted ceiling in one of the rooms, which is reflected • , Mirror nlared in the center of the apartment. Owen Jones, in speaking of L de°ora'tn of' w^^ls, Tays: "One of 'he first principles to be attended to ^s hat nothi g should disturb their flatness ; all direct representations of natural obecs should be avoided; first, because they place those objects in unseemly pSons; secondly, that the paper should serve as a background.

Superiority of Brick Over Stone in a Fire Test

The recent $35,000 school building fire, at Springfield, Minn., offers con- vincinrevidence of the stability of brick under the severe fire tests. The vincing eviaence o j handsome structure. These walls

'''"rti^ktranexti nation of the ruins .hows that the intense heat did disintegrated.

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The Architect and Engineer

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draff Building. San Francisco — -AT. F. Antonovich. Architect Eiiuipped with Van Enion Elevators

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Watering the Horses near the Donahue Fountain at the Trough Erected by the S. F. C. A. Society

San Francisco's Lack of Drinking Fountains

By HORATIO F. STOLL.

ERE'S to Miss Lotta." said a merry-faced tar the other day at Lotta's fountain as he raised a cup of water to his Hps and nodded to his sailor friend. "Lotta?" queried his companion. ''Who's Miss Lotta?" ''Search me/' laughed the seaman, as he smacked his lips and proceeded to turn on more water. "But I'll bet she's a good fellow. She gave this foun- tain to 'Frisco."

"Who said so?" snapped. the other.

"Why, can't you read? Says so right here." And with that he pointed,-

to the inscription.

I thought they might be glad to know the lady's identity, so, while they drained several cups of water, I explained that Lotta was Lotta Crabtree, the actress, one of the darlings of the early tlieatrical days, but now retired and

wealthy. ^ ,

"Well, she's all right, all right," commented the amiable tar. 'She s made a hit with me. I've been looking for this kind of an outlay ever since I landed." And he added as a compliment: "Your water's all right, too. No more typhoid germs, I hope."

I was amused, for I had been told that the man behmd the gun scorned mere water when he was on shore leave, and I said as much.

"You're off there, son," corrected the sailor. "Booze is all right for a couple of days after being at sea for a long time, but the boys tire of it quicker than they do of water. Of course, some of them are like sieves and can't ever get enough. But the majority ain't so stuck on booze. Water s good enough. We drink buckets of it." , , . , • i

I could readily believe this statement when I watched him drain several

cups of water.

"Whv I've guzzled more different kinds of water— and booze, too, tor that matter," he went on, "than you could shake a stick at. We've had it hike warm and cold as ice ; brown as chocolate and clear as crystal ; we ve had the pure unadulterated and we've had some that looked like an aquarium; we ve liad it sweet, tasteless, salty. We've sampled water from hundreds of rivers, lakes springs and fountains. We've tasted condensed water from every ocean and bay in which our vessel has floated. Oh. you can't tell us anything about water We're as good judges of water asi we are of beer or whiskey .

"Too bad we haven't more fountains|," I ventured. "Perhaps you sailors might drink more water and less booze." , ,

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48

The Architect and Engineer

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A' /' Antonotnch. Architect

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Watering the Horses near the Donahue Fountain at the Trough Erected by the S. F.C. A. Society

San Francisco's Lack ot Drinking f ountains

By HORATIO F. STOLL.

lERE'S to Miss Lotta/' said a merry- faced tar the other day at Lotta's fountain as he raised a cup of water to his Hps and nodded to his sailor friend. "Lotta?" queried his companion. "Who's Miss Lotta?" "Search me," laughed the seaman, as he smacked his lips and proceeded to turn on more water. "But I'll bet she's a good fellow. She gave this foun- tain to 'Frisco."

'Who said so?" snapped the other.

'Why, can't you read? Says so right here." And with that he pointed to the inscription.

I thought they might be glad to know the lady's identity, so, while they drained several cups of water, I explained that Lotta was Lotta Crabtree, the actress, one of the darlings of the early theatrical days, but now retired and

wealthy. ,

"Well, she's all right, all right," commented the amiable tar. She s made a hit with me. I've been looking for this kind of an outlay ever since I landed." And he added as a compliment: "Your water's all right, too. No more typhoid germs, I hope."

I was amused, for I had been told that the man behind the gun scorned mere water when he was on shore leave, and I said as much.

"You're off there, son," corrected the sailor. "Booze is all right for a couple of days after being at sea for a long time, but the boys tire of it quicker than they do of water. Of course, some of them are like sieves and can't ever get enough. But the majority ain't so stuck on booze. Water s good enough. We drink buckets of it." . , , • i • i

I could readily believe this statement when I watched him drain several

cups of water. '

"Why I've guzzled more different kinds of water — and booze, too, tor that matter," he went on, "than you could shake a stick at. We've had it luke warm and cold as ice; brown as chocolate and clear as crystal; we ve had the pure unadulterated and we've had some that looked like an aquariuni; we ve had it sweet ta<;teless, saltv. We've sampled water from hundreds of rivers, lakes spniiijs and Unintam;. We've tasted condensed water from every ocean and bay in winch our vessel has floated. Oh. you can't tell us anything about water We're as good judges of water as we are of beer or whiskey .

"Too bad we haven't more fountains," I ventured. "Perhaps you sailors might drink more water and less booze." ,

50

The Architect and Engineer

"Sure, Mike," answered the other seadog, as they locked arms and pro- ceeded up^the street.

My attention having been drawn to the fountain, I watched to see how many people stopped to quench their thirst and then I began to speculate as to how many people had been benefited by this fountain alone.

"^ It*was during one of her most successful engagements in San Francisco, away back in 1874, that Lotta Crabtree, the favorite of the old theatrical days, conceived the idea of presenting the city of her youth with some testimonial of her appreciation and concluded that she could select nothing better than a- drinking fountain.

Owing to theatrical engagements in the East, she was unable to be pres- ent at the dedication ceremonies on September 9, 1875, so Harry Edwards, a popular actor of the time, delivered the speech of presentation. In the course of his remarks he said :

In the older countries of Europe, public drinking fountains are of frequent occur- rence and the inscriptions upon them are often quaint and characteristic. They have formed themes for the antiquarian and the poets; they have employed the pencils of artists. But, built of perishable materials, many of these interesting structures are fast falling to decay, the very names of their builders being lost in the passage of time. This can hardly share their fate— the solid iron fabric must- last and survive the ruins of centuries and the name of the kind-hearted actress will be repeated by thousands, who will in the far distant future experience the benefit of her thoughtful deed.

Thirty-three years have slipped by since the covering over the fountain was removed and Miss Crabtree's aunt, Mrs. Vernon, was first to receive a drink. San Francisco then had about 250,000 inhabitants. Today she claims to have twice that number. Supposing that only five hundred people each day have availed themselves of the opportunity to drink from the four cups pro- vided, it would mean that more than five million people have accepted the thoughtful hospitality of Lotta. This is a low estimate. It is probable that ten times that number have stopped at the fountain and quenched their thirst

Freshly painted in honor of the coming of the fleet, Lotta's fountain, at the corner of Market and Kearny streets, looks as attractive and substantial as the day it was accepted in behalf of the city by Mayor James Otis. Neither time, earthquake nor fire have left their imprint, and it seems safe to repeat Mr. Edwards's prophetic words that this fountain will ''survive the ruins of centuries."

Somewhat more pretentious is the Admission fountain presented by James D. Phelan to his native city, and dedicated to the Native Sons of the Golden West on September 9, 1897. It is advantageously situated at the intersection of Market, Turk and Mason streets, and, like all the other fountains and groups of statuary, withstood the effects of the great conflagration wonder- fully well. In the excavation for this fountain, by the way, it was found that a large sewer was immediately beneath, which necessitated the deepening of the hole to about ten feet and laying solid walls of broken stone and cement on both sides of the sewer and over it. The first flight of steps arising on that foundation covers an area of fifteen feet square. The monument with the winged figure on top measures 35 feet in all from the ground upward and is beautifully proportioned.

The bronze studies ornamenting the fountain were designed by Douglas Tilden, and are four in number. Surmounting the top is an allegorical figure of history — a female posing herself on a bronze globe with outspread wings and holding above her head an open book on which is inscribed the words: "Sept. 9. 1850," the date California was admitted to the Union. Standing on the granite pedestal against that part of the column facing Market street is the

The Jrclutcct and Fngineer

51

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A Selfish Driver Quenching his Thirst at the Phelan Fountain ivhtle his Horses are Overlooked

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statue of a young miner. He is garbed m the dress of the pioneer days with the inevitable soft hat, woolen shirt, top-boots and pistolbelt. He unturis a fla^ with the left hand and shoujdering a pick with the other seems to be step- ping forward and shouting the good news at the top of Tiis voice. Two bear skulls at the sides of the pedestal are entwined with rattlesnakes and symbolize the Sierras, where lies the Hetch-Hetchy Vallev, from which, it is hoped, we will some day obtain a supply of pure mountain water. The skulls hold be- tween their teeth handles which release the water that spouts out of the heads of the snakes into basins and thence into pools below for the use of dogs

Doudas Tilden also designed the Donahue fountain, which stands at the intersection of Battery, Market and Bush streets. It is said that the sculp- tor made various more or less conventional designs with which he could not satisfy himself until, in passing one day a machine shop he caught a glinipse of workmen operating a large lever punch. This gave him the motive which he extended into a striking design in bronze and granite.

Peter Donahue, whose memory was the inspiration of ^his gift, was a machinist by trade, who came to San Francisco a pioneer in 1849, and estab- lished the Union Iron Works almost within a stone s throw of the spot where the fountain now stands. The memorial was erected under the will of his son, T Mervin Donahue, and was dedicated to the mechanics of San Francisco, The unveiling took place during the visit of President McKinley on May 15 1901, but, owing to the illness of h^s wife, the President was unable to attend

the ceremonies. 1 . , , i i ^«

Of the down-town fountains, this is the only one where one has a chance to see the water play in the air and Aear it splash as it hits the granite base and falls into the large basin. It performs a pleasant function in bringing mto busy Market street that sound of runnirfe water which, in its idle play, its music

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The Architect and Ep^ineer

The Architect and Engineer

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—, : Lottas Fountain, San Francisco — — — —

reminiscent of the woodland stream, has in the city so rare a power to charm. It has been well said that something about us, some lingering touch, perhaps, of the primitive days, gives to the running water of the city fountain that re- lation to public life which the fire in the open hearth has to private life. To appreciate this to the full extent, the fountain should be in a square or park where one has leisure to sit before it. But even in the roar of the city, the fascination of its music is not lost.

It is a pity in planning the Donahue fountain some provision was not made for horses and dogs. Had the circular walk been eliminated and the level of the water in the basin been slightly raised, horses might be driven to the edge and drink to their heart's content. And by adding shallow pools about the sides, the street dogs could have been accommodated as well. As it is. the fountain is ornamental, not useful.

The other day I saw a thirsty little dog jump from a truck and scamper over to the fountain. Standing on his hind legs, he craned his neck over the coping in a vain endeavor to get some of the precious water ; but it was just out of his reach and he had to content himself with lapping up some of the water that feebly trickled over the cement walk into the gutter. These leaks, by the way, occur where the granite blocks in the coping are joined. They are doubtless due to the earthquake and (;ould easily be patched with a little cement. It should be done at once, as it gives the sidewalk a damp and untidy appearance.

No sooner had the little dog returned to his seat on the truck than a

The old Cognvelt Fountain which stood at the corner of Market and California Streets. San Francisco

The Robert Louis Stevenson Fountain, in Portsmouth Square. San Francisco

I

54

The Architect and Eniiiiiccr

chirping sparrow hopped up on the coping. I was glad to see one of these husky feathered street urchins down town a^ain, and so I watched him closely. He wiped his little bill carefully on the gi^nite, and, with a flutter, alighted on one of the spouting dolphins. Then he sipped deeply from the gushing waters. How he seemed to enjoy it ! Slowly he raised his pert head skyward, allowing the soothing liquid to run down by degrees and tickle his little in- sides. He. repeated the performance several times. Fortunate little sparrow ! I could not help wishing that the faithful little truck dog also had been pro- vided with wings or that the cracks in the coping were larger so that sufficient water could run into the gutter to satisfy his thirst as well.

What a valuable service the Donahue Fountain might have performed during the early reconstruction days. Instead of lying idle for nearly two years, it might have been cleaned and filled with water for the use of the hun- dreds' of thirsty horses that, shortly after the fire, were put to work clearing the streets and debris-strewn lots, those who worked in that section will never forget the brick and lime dust that parched their throats, but the greatest suf- ferers were the horses, many of which were not able to obtain water from the time they left their stables in the early morning until their return at night.

Improvised water troughs made of iron bath tubs taken from the rums: and placed under hydrants provided water for a few- horses, but relief was not felt until George Renner, of the Draymen's Association, superintended the erection of several water troughs. These troughs were twenty feet long, elevated three and one-half feet on wooden posts, and were the means of re- lieving much suffering. There still being a large area where teams could not obtain water, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, upon the sueeestion of Mr. Renner, immediately ordered eight troughs similar to those of the Draymen's Association and the Board of Public Works cheerfully o-ranted a permit allowing them to be erected at Market and Battery, Bay and Kearny, Eighth and Townsend, Van Ness and Union, Fourth and Jessie, JCentucky and Fourth. Kentucky and Twentieth, and in front of the Society s office on Sixteenth street. • , , , . \

These wooden troughs have gradually been replaced by new troughs planned by Secretary McCurrie, the result of many experiments and buiU with the purpose of standing the severe jolts of large trucks. They cost $7o each and are twelve feet long, twenty inches wide and six inches deep, with a six-inch channel iron guard rail bolted to steel arms connected with the steel upright posts. The posts are made of ten-inch steel pipe filled with concrete and set in concrete three feet under water. A space of three and one-half feet from the pavement to the bottom of the troughs allows the poles ot wagons and trucks to pass under without striking. An automatic valve en- closed in an iron box two feet long by six inches wide and ten mches high in the center and back of the trough, allows space for drinking along the entire twelve feet of the trough. The Society pays $5 a month for the water sup- plied for each of these troughs. • . j .1

It is doubtful if any of these troughs are more used and appreciated than the one located to the east of the Donahue Fountain. All day long you will see trucks wagons and buggies drawn up in front of it. At the noon hour I have counted as many as a dozen drivers watering their horses at this trough. In order not to lose time, the driver generally fills his bucket and waters his horses in that way. And if he is one of the thoughtful kind, you will see him hold the bucket up to the little dog on the seat. The horses delight in the troughs It would do your heart good to see those handsome big truck horses plunge their warm, dusty noses to the bottom and draw in the water thirstily.

The drivers appreciate the convenience of watering their horses without

The Architect and Engineer

55

having to uncheck them. Some, I am sure, who are in a hurry, would not -take the time or trouble to uncheck them ; others are glad of he chance to ahghtwhle their horses are watering, and take a drink themselves from the aS cup that hangs from the hydrant at one end of the trough. The Society finds it can often |et thoughtless drivers to be considerate to their horses if some inducement is held out to them. Hence the tempting agate cup.

One of the sections of the city where a fountain for horses is most needed is down on East street, where from morning until night there is a continual proceTs^on of trucks and other vehicles. It looked for a while as if the Out- door Art League were going to secure one of the Herman Lee Ensign foun- faTns for this Section of the city, but owing to the fact that it required quite In area to meet the conditions stipulated \xy the donor-there must be twenty- five feet the length of a horse and wagon, about the fountain-the Harbor a)mmis ioners did not see their way clear to set aside a suitable site, and so S matter has temporarily been allowed to drop. However, any tn.e we can provide a location where there is a large passing traffic, one of the Ensign fountains can be had for the asking. '

Los Angeles possesses one, Pasadena has two, and only recently one has been erected tn Oakland, at the corner of Twenty-Sixth and Broadway, through the efforts of the Woman's Civic Club. They are plain, practical fountains of Maine granite, entirely polished and trimmed with bronze, and cost about SI 000 Thev weigh five tons and stand six feet high. From jets springing froTthe heads of miniature lions, the water falls into a large circular dnnk- ing poolfor horses four feet above the ground. Small basins at the base, with constant running water, are supplied for dogs.

When he died a few years ago, Herman Lee Ensign left a large fund

to be used in the erection of these fountains in every city m the bnion. from

childhood he was a great lover of horses. To him animals were not mere

n^ norfand slaves/they were companions and ^^nds devoUnR themselv

fn man and depending upon him for their lives and welfare. He tounaea tne

^laSS^afHuSneAlLn^e of New York^ .

i^Si^ui::? wSa^s^^ a^^ancT with his wishe^^Th^ln^- ^mp rl^es havf been good enough to transport them free o charge a 1 ov

"Ik sotetu^s^K ir tli'nkft ^rZ^T^.^ San

l„,Mic p ac«. It .s ''•^J''"'^^'^^^^^ Xvine this common-place rcplic.

r'rgfre cSnt vty wdco?,e.'B„, f^om ,„ artis.ic ...n.lpon,. the whole thing was in bad taste.

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56

The Architect and Engineer

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From time to time all kinds of protests were made to have the statue re- moved. It was argued that this inartistic piece of statuary created a poor im- pression on strangers who saw it immediately after they entered the city. However, nothing was done. Finally, one dark wintry night, a number of indignant art lovers, after the manner of the Vigilantes of old, decided to take the matter into their hands. They lassoed the doctor with a stout rope and tried to pull him from his pedestal. But the donor had intended that his statue should also "survive the ruins of centuries," and he anchored it good and fast. For hours the conspirators tugged and swore and fumed and strained, but they succeeded in bringing down only a part, an arm, I believe, when the first gray streaks of dawn overtook them. Then the city authorities determined that, since no one wanted to see the arm restored, and the doctor looked absurd without that necessary appendage, it was best to remove him. This was done quietly and a flagpole substituted.

CogswelU by the way, did better by the city when he presented the Benjamin Franklin drinking fountain which now stands in the center of Washington Square. It was originally set up at the intersection of Kearny street and Montgomery avenue, where the new Ruef building now towers. The bronze statue of Franklin is six and a half feet high and was cast in New York at a cost of $5,000. On one side of the granite pedestal is the inscription, "Presented by H. D. Cogswell to our Boys and Girls Who Will Soon Take Our Places and Pass On." Over the faucets are "Vichy," "Congress," and California Seltzer," a pleasantry on the part of the donor, who, by the word "Welcome" cut on each of the three sides of the stone platform under the dogs' drinking basins, invited man and beast to refresh themselves. Years ago it was deemed best to remove the fountain to Washington Square, a few blocks away, where it has been much enjoyed by the idlers and residents of North Beach. As soon as the city's water supply was turned on after the great fire, this fountain proved a great convenience to the refugees who remained in the park over a year.

Another fountain that will always be gratefully remembered by the refa-~

gees is the Robert Louis Stevenson fountain in Portsmouth Square. Thanks to the thoughtfulness and energy of Bruce Porter and a number of Stevenson admirers, San Francisco was the first city to erect a memorial to the much- beloved novelist. The writer spent many an idle hour in the old plaza watch- ing and studying the various types and nationalities passing in review before him, and so it was considered the most appropriate place for the fountain. The monument cost $1,500, and consists of a massive rectangular granite base ten feet high, in which a watertap is inserted. It is surmounted with a bronze figure of a Spanish galleon under full sail, designed by George Piper. On one side is inscribed the following words of Stevenson:

To be honest ; to be kind ; to eam a little ; to spend a little less ; to make a family happier for his presence; to renounce when that shall be necessary and not be em- bittered; to keep a few friends, but these without capitulation; above all, on the same grim condition to keep friends with himself— here is a task for all that a man has of fortitude and delicacy.

It might be well for some of our wealthy citizens who have accumulated fortunes in San Francisco to ponder over these words of Stevenson. Perhaps it may influence them to return something to the city that has contributed so much to their happiness and prosperity. If they want to show their apprecia- tion, their gratitude, they could select no better gift than a drinking fountain in the down-town district. It will add beauty to the rehabilitated business sec- tion, contribute to the comfort of their fellowmen, quench the thirst of beast and bird, and stand as an imperishable monument to the kindly spirit and generosity of the big-hearted donor.

<

The .irchitcct and iin^inccr

57

Vitrified Brick Pavement, Fourth Street. Los Angeles

Brick Street Pavements*

By WILL P. BLAIR, Secretary of National Association of Paving Brick

Manufacturers, Indianapolis, Ind.

THE use of vitrified brick or block for streets and roadways is an American idea, which originated about thirty years ago. It was developed from the use of brick made from the ordinary surface clays for such purposes in a few of the smaller cities of Indiana and Illinois. Shortly afterwards brick made from fire clay in the upper Ohio valley were used for a like purpose.

It will probably never be established as to who made the first vitrified brick from shale in this country. One thing is certain, that the first stiff mud brick made from a mixture of shale and common clay were produced in central Illinois. These were u»ed for street paving purposes and naturally followed the U5e of the common brick for street paving, and thus, more by accident than design, such brick were found to resist the wear of travel with greater success than the brick made from the surface clays, and thus the value of vitrified brick for paving purposes was established.

In like manner, it may be truthfully said that for many years following the earlier manufacture and use of paving brick, progress toward betterment was, to a very great extent, merely incidental. The extended use for street paving purposes was slow. Few of the earlier manufacturers, if any, realized the development about to take place, and very few of the manufacturers had any concern of the relation their uses bore to the importance of the business.

The demands for the product, however, grew continuously, regardless of the fact that so few were giving any attention whatever to their proper use as

• Extracts of a paper read before the American Society of Municipal Improvements.

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TA^ Architect and Engineer

a street paving material. Finally, some few of the manufacturers began to realize that the lack of appreciation of brick streets was' due to the fact that they were almost universally built without consideration, either as to the physical advantage, insuring durability, or In a manner making possible the greatest satisfaction to the user. The few, however, whose eyes were opened to the facts, began a careful study and inquiry into the methods of construe^ tion promising to afford the greatest satisfaction possible from every stand- point.

A few engineers in the central west early realized the importance of proper construction, and appreciated more than the manufacturers what the future had in store for vitrified brick. These engineers and these manufacturers, while maintaining the value of the use of a good quality of vitrified brick for street construction, were convinced of the utter folly of depending upon that alone, and saw that other elements were equally necessary. It is not too much to say that even now the brick are too often required to bear the burden for a satisfactory street. Neither is it putting it too strong to say that the c'riticisms offered against brick streets sfre due, in nine cases out of ten, to other causes than the quality of the brick.

In the month of July of this year, we had the opportunity of exammmg the brick street in more than fifty cities of the Allegheny mountains. We were greatly surprised that in but three cities did we find the essential details of brick street construction at all complied with. Many of the details of a properly constructed brick street seem not to have found lodgment with those who are charged with their construction, as being in the least degree important ; they are, nevertheless, absolutely necessary for the construction of high class brick

pavements.

The following practices have come under my observation : I have seen the filler dipped from the mixing box with a bucket and carried many steps. In such case, the sand was on its way to the bottom of the bucket and the cement was making for the top. I have seen the mixture placed in~arcradle or rocking box, and in the time intervening the turning of the box, the sand and cement were undergoing a like separation, and as the box was turned the richer mixture of cement flowed ahead and the weaker and sandy portion remained near the box. I have seen the water applied before the mixture in a dry state reached an even shade, thus preventing the proper adhesion of the particles. To remedy the thickening of the mixture. I have seen it entirely ruined by throwing upon the street the water from an open nozzle, which served only to float the cement away from the sand. I have seen the mixture put upon the street much faster than it could be swept in. I have seen the mixture prepared in a dry state in large quantities at intervals of a few feet upon the brick and the water applied and the sweeping-in process undertaken simultaneously. I have seen the mixture rnade up in such large batches that it required a sweeping of several feet before it could be made to disappear in the interstices. In such cases, the last that went in was but very little better than pure sand. I have taken a quantity of sand from the supply to be used for filler purposes and found that it contained 33 per cent, of soil. I have seen, by the use of the same kind of broom in the application of the second course as was used in the application of the first course, the filler swept out of the joints rather than left full and flush with the top of the brick, thereby insuring slight shipping of either edge of the brick in the early use of the pavement. The mere exercise of common sense would suggest the use of a rubber or leather scraper for the application of the top course, and the stroke at an angle of forty-five degrees to insure the perfect job. Thus, I might enumerate for hours the manner, method, and *means of applying the cement filler in the interstices of a brick street, each and every one of which was but

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Vitrified Briek Favemevt. Witislo-w Street. Los Ant^etes

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77k^ ArcJiitcct and Engineer

a street i)aviii!Li- material. iMiiatly, some few of the manufacturers began to realize that the lack of appreciation of brick streets was due to the fact that they were almost imiversallv built without consideration, either as to the ])hvsical advantai^e, insuring:' durability, or in a manner makino- possible the o-reatest satisfaction to the user. The few, however, whose eyes were opened to the facts, began a careful study and inquiry into the methods of construc- tion promising t(^ afford the greatest satisfaction possible from every stand-

])oint.

A few engineers in the central west early realized the importance of proper construction, and appreciated more than the manufacturers what the future had in store for vitrified brick. These engineers and these manufacturers, while maintaining the value of the use of a good quality of vitrified brick for street construction, were convinced of the utter folly of depending upon that alone, and saw that other elements were equally necessary. It is not too much to say. that even now the brick are too often required to bear the burden for a satisfactory street. Neither is it putting it too strong to say that the criticisms offered aL^'ainst brick streets are due, in nine cases out of ten, to other causes than the qualitv of the brick.

In the month of Jnlv of this year, we had the opportunity of examuimg the brick street in m'ore than fifty cities of the Allegheny mountains. We were greatly suri)rise(l that in but three cities did we find the essential details (^f brick "street' construction at all complied with. Many of the details of a properly constructed brick street seem not to have found lodgment with those who are charged with their construction, as being in the least degree important; they are, nevertheless, absolutely necessary for the construction of high class brick

pavements.

The following practices have come under my observation: I have j^een the filler dipped from the nfixing hnx with a bucket and carried many steps. In such case, the sand was on its way to the bottom of the bucket and the cement was making for the to]i. I have_ seen the mixture placed in a cradle or rocking box. and in the time intervening the turning of the box. the sand and cement were undergoing a like separation, and a^ the b(»x was turned the richer mixture of cement flowed ahead and the weaker and sandv |)ortion remained near the box. 1 have seen the water ai)plied before the mixture in a dry state reached an even shade, thus preventing the i)roi)er adhesion of the i)articles. To remedy the thickening of the mixture. 1 have seen it entirely ruined by throwing ui)on the street the water from an open nozzle, which served only to float the cement away from the sand. I have seen llie mixture put upon the street much faster than it could be swejit in. I have <een the nfixture prepared in a dry state in large quantities at interval n\ a few feet upon the brick and the' water applied and the sweeping-in process nndert:iken simultaneously. 1 have seen the mixture made up in such large batches that it re(iuired a swee])ing of several feet before it could be made to (lis.-ipju-ar in the interstices. In such cases, the last that went in was but verv '\\\\v better than pure sand. I have taken a (|uantity of sand from the sn^ J ., t(. be used for filler pun)oses and f(nm<l that it contained 33 i)er cent. ..f's'nil. I have seen, l)y the use of the same kind of broom in the application of the >ec(>nd c<nirs(.' as was used in the application of the first co.urse, the filler s\vei)t out of the joints rather than left full and flush with the top of the lirick. thereby insuring slight shipping of either edge of the brick in the early use <^\ the i)avement. The mere exercise of common sense would suggest the use nf a rubber or leather scraper for the application of the to]) course, and the stroke at an angle of forty-five degrees to insure the perfect job. Thus, T might enumerate for hours the niamier. method, and means of ap])lying the cement filler in the interstices of a brick street, each and every one (^f which wa^ but

The Architect and Engineer

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Vttnficd Briek Fare went. W'lnslu^a' Street. Lo.^ Angeles

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The Architect and Engineer

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to insure a failure, and in none of which is economy to the contractor sub- served.

I might enumerate for hours the manner, method, and means of applying the cement filler in the interstices of a brick street, each and every one of which was but to insure a failure, and in none of which is economy to the contractor subserved.

By the proper method, here insisted upon, the hoes are drawn by two workmen to the upper portion of the box and the backward flow agitates the mixture equally with that of the stroke. The lift of the scoop immediately following, the box sufficiently adajacent to the work, so that instead of a motion which pitches, it is rather a quick motion on the part of the workmen that pulls from under the mixture the scoop, allowing the mixture to strike the surface of the brick in proper proportion, thus more nearly insuring it in place in proportion than by any other known method. By the use of three boxes and a systematized force, the greatest economy to the contractor is subserved and the greatest possibility of the cement filler is attained.

The boards in place providing for the cushion should, after a lapse of twenty-four hours and sooner than thirty-six hours, be withdrawn, and the space filled two-thirds with a pitch filler. Then finally a covering of sand, sufficient to hold moisture and protect the cement filler from extreme heat while setting, is imperative.

The principal reason why we cannot get a more universal compliance with the approved methods of constructing brick streets is due to the American political practice of awarding minor political service by the dearest com- pensation possible to lay hands upon. In many cases, the man secures an in- spectorship because he is fit for nothing else. The miserable practice should cease. More money is expended for streets and roads than for any other public purpose, except for the education of our children.

The architect, who plans, designs, and specifies concerning the expenditure of $50,000.00 in a buildingTTs^permitted to hire, train, and direct his superin^ tendent. It is the exception to the rule if the municipal engineer in this country is permitted to do this thing. It should be part of the engineers' business, as much to select his superintendent and inspector as it is to design and specify. This question is one that does not relate alone to the construction of brick streets, but it permeates, relates to all municipal work, and is the one objection- able feature in the prevailing American municipal system toward accomplish- ing the elimination of which every broad-minded citizen and taxpayer should lend his influence.

The Mission of Mortar

Two Irishmen were looking at bricklayers busily working. *T say, Pat, kin yes til me what kapes them bricks together?" asked one.

"Sure, it's the mortar, Mike," was the answer.

"That's where you're wrong," rejoined Mike ; "the mortar's what kapes them apart!" — Philadelphia Inquirer. ^

It isn't enough to pay as you go. You ought to save enough to pay your way back. — Pittsburg Gazette.

Waterproofing

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riiieratine Work

By EDWARD W. DE KNIGHT, New York*

\ V ' \TERPROOFING means more to refrigerating engineering than to any

\^ ' means not only the safety and security of a building foundation, but

^^ • other branch of engineering work. To the refrigerating engmeer it

the perfection of that which is the very corner stone of successful refrigeration

— insulation. . ^ir i ^u-

What is perfect insulation, is still a debatable question. We know this, however, that no insulation is perfect which is not waterproof and dry. Moist or wet insulation is not only valuless, but destructive of the very purpose for

which it was devised. . , ^. t^.

Insulating means waterproofing. Waterproofness means insulation, i he two are correlative; they must go together— no matter in what light and for what purpose they may be considered. The asbestos lagging, for instance, enveloping and insulating a locomotive boiler, to retain heat, would be worth- less if it were not waterproofed by the steel plates covering the lagging. The principle works the same, whether in. retaining heat or in retaining cold. In the past the refrigerating engineer seems to have been amply satisfied with lining air spaces, whether filled or not— with one of the many insulating materials on the market— with not even an impervious felt but ordinary thin, waterproofed paper, carelessly tacked in place, ^nt advanced refrigeration needs more efficient and more scientihc treatment. Waterproofing applies to every part of cold storage construction— to the foundation of the building, to the walls above grade, to the roof, to the various floors, to the partitions separating the diflferent compartments, to

the ceilings, etc.

For Foundations.

The modern and correct theory in waterproofing a building foundation

is to insulatnTawaylromaM out of contact with the earth, i his is. accomplished bv applying to the exterior surface of the foundation a tough, elastic, absolutely impervious membrane or stratum, so that not only moisture, but electrolysis can not come in contact with and affect the walls.

It is absolutely impossible to accomplish this by coating the exterior surface of the walls with washes or cement plaster, which will eventually crack ; still less by applying a layer of cement plaster on the interior surface of the walls This neither insulates nor waterproofs the wall, but allows its saturation clear through, with the consequent destructive action by not only moisture, but that vital enemy to the embedded steel— electrolysis.

We have now reached that point where we must differentiate as between the integral or rigid system of waterproofing and the elastic or membrane method, and select that one which satisfies our judgment.

All efforts in the waterproofing of structural work are divided into two main, totally divergent, lines; i. e.: . ,. . .1 ^u-

First— Treating concrete to make it, in itself, impermeable, ihis may be termed the integral or rigid method. ^ ,u ^

Second— Protecting concrete or masonry with something apart there- from, to waterproof and insulate it. This we term the elastic or "membrane

"'^^ To'sum it up, the vital question is: Shall water reach the concrete, or shall it not reach the concrete? The real point at issue, therefore, is one of method, which must be first settled before we can intelligently discuss the question of materials. In determining the method, as between the

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elastic and the rigid system, the production and selection of the proper materials will settle itself. We will consider tfie two above-described systems separately.

To Make Concrete Impermeable— The Rigid Method.

Treating concrete to make it, in itself, impermeable rests upon two

methods :

First — Mixing certain chemicals with the concrete to make the con- crete, in itself, impermeable.

Second — Applying a cement plaster, or wash, on the concrete to harden

its surface.

The ingredients generally used are lime, silicate of soda, lye, soap,

alum, etc.

One of the present chief difficulties in concrete work i^ to obtain con- crete properly mixed in the field. This difficulty, instead of being lessened, will be greatly augumented by the mixing of chemicals with the cement with the idea of making the concrete watertight. Certainly, to obtain a concrete so perfect as to be perfectly watertight will be a much more difficult thing than to obtain ordinarily sound concrete. In either case, whether with or without the incorporation of the . hardening chemicals, there will always exist zones weak in quality and density. There is also the added danger of the uncertain effect the addition of the chemicals will, in time, have upon the tenacity and the durability of the concrete itself, and especially upon the embedded steel. This is all experimental, and not tried and tested, waterproofing.

There is a fine distinction between testing concrete for strength and testing it for watertightness. The difficulty is that these two principles are confounded by those who seek to make concrete in itself watertight.

Assume, for the moment, that concrete per se may be made imperme- able. If this impermeability will not prevent cracking, and as cracking will

destroy the value oT impermeability, why attempt to maTce concrete Trh^ permeable? Granted that even limited impermeability, as it were, is a desirable quality, is there not needed, however, something additional for dependable and perfect waterproofness for general conditions and practical work?

Laboratory Tests Not Sufficient.

Waterproofness is not what it is today, but years hence. Because a briquette, or cube, or box of specially-treated c6ncrete remains watertight in or out of a laboratory for one or twelve months is no warranty that con- crete can be made permanently watertight for practical purposes. Assum- ing even that there can be had concrete in monolithic form so perfect in texture and mixture as the specially prepared laboratory sample, masses of concrete in the open are subject to conditions, especially in this latitude, impossible of ascertainment and test in a laboratory sample : to extremes of heat and cold, to settlement, to contraction and expansion, to earth tremors, both natural and artificial — resulting in fractures, the opening of pores, etc., a process which certainly does not decrease with the advance of years. Water will come through concrete in time. It will take longer to work through so-called watertight concrete, but it will eventually come through it. Otherwise it would be contrary to the law of physics and nature. The same principle applies in greater course to cement plaster and hardening compounds for the surface.

We have seen water drawn up, through capillarity, 15 or 20 feet by concrete. We have also seen water percolate through concrete over 20 feet

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thick It may take two or three years to do so; meanwhile, the assumption is that the conc^te is fairlv watertight. When the concrete thus becomes damp, wet and saturated, it is almost impossible to eradicate the moisture If the moisture freezes, expanding one-tenth its volume in so doing, it requires no stretch of" imagination to calculate the eflfect upon the concrete or masonry. Enough water will be taken in through a crack before the crack is filled to attack and injure the steel. i • r

Again, many engineers believe that by increasing the steel reintorc^e- ment the cracking of concrete will be prevented and the concrete also be made watertight. We may agree that it strengthens the concrete, but we can not agree that it makes it impervious. .We know that steel, imbedded in cement and kept dry, will indefinitely retain its purity and strength. \\ e know also that moisture, reaching the steel, creates corrosion. The im- mediate eflfect is to destroy the bond between the steel and the concrete The heat and expanding gas from decomposition (which is progressive) press the cement away from the steel. There then no longer exists, in fact steel-reinforced concrete, but the very opposite, and a menace to life and property, which may eventually end in a collapse. If there is a partic e of iron in the plaster on the ceiling and wall of this room, it will make itself apparent by a brownish, raised sp6t or scale as the result of moisture in the air attracted by and decomposing the iron.

Cement Application to the Surface of Concrete. The objection to the second method, i. e., applying a cement plaster or wash to the surface of the concrete, are too numerous to mention here. It is poor judgment to depend upon but one layer of any single thing, which in this case is an inelastic cement plaster or a thin, almost imperceptible, wash, as the sole waterproof protection of any structure. This is aside from any consideration of the splitting or cracking of the cement plaster. One infinitesimal por^ im4)erfectly closed, by permitting the entrance of water which would soon spread, would make valueless tTie balance of the washed

surface. , . . , . ^,^ •

Strange as it may sound, however, the advocates of the cement plaster method, while admitting the cracking of the cement from settlement con- traction, expansion, etc., now recommend that it be applied to the interior surfaces of the fofmdation walls, for the reason that there the cracks can be seen and plastered as they occur. This seems like transferring a bad

thing to a worse position. c ^ .- v -n ^^

In the first place, waterproofing must not crack; if elastic, it will not

In the second place, it is against the laws of nature and physics to place any kind of waterproofing in front (where in tnne it can be shoved or washed ofT) of the line of resistance (the wall proper), >nstead of beh.nd it To say that the material is so good and tenacious it will not be shoved off does not alter the fact that it is contrary to the laws of physics, and no amount of argument can make it right. Being based on a wrong theory, Te result must be wrong eventually. It simply requires the right con)unc- Jion of events or conditions to demonstrate the truth, though it may be long

^ Most seriously, however, placing any waterproofing material, cement Blaster or any other so-called waterproofing material on the interior surface of a foun<lation wall, overlooks the very purpose and real theory of water- proofing, which is to keep water out of the wall. Why permit the entire saturation of the wall through and through? No one can better realize what

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The Architect and Engineer

this means than a refrigerating engineer. In the great majority of cases, foundations of buildings are waterproofed, not so much because of water pressure, but to prevent moisture entering the wall, working up the wall by capillarity and destroying the steel through corrosion and electroysis. In any case of considerable water pressure it requires no stretch of imagination to understand what would happen with a "Cracked waterproof- ing on the interior surface of a wall. Apply such practice to your own habitation. Would you desire the walls of your own home to be damp, wet and saturated clear through, impossible to heat and a menace to com- fort and health? Would if not seem like criminal carelessness to allow such a condition solely because you placed a waterproofing on the interior sur- face of the wall so you could see it, when you could as readily, by the exercise of some forethought, have placed the waterproofing on the exterior and proper side of the wall, so as to make it, clear through and up, dry, warm and sanitary? If the principle be right in your own case it will be right in any other. To say that waterproofing is visible and patchable appeals to one and sounds well, but is misleading. Suppose it cracks under the boilers?

The great trouble is that the average engineer and architect has no time to study these important specialties, being engaged in the general pro- position. He is apt, therefore, to be misled by good talking points. It is because of this and no other reason that a wrong principle is followed by the best of men. The following of it by such men for a time gives coinage to the principle and its circulation among others. In the course of time, however, it must, of its own self, eventually fail.

Another thing, concrete is not an insulator and is not proof against electrolysis. We have come to that development in our construction work, therefore, where we must consider that the real importance, of waterproof- ing is not simply in keeping water out of buildings but in protecting and preserving" the embedded steek This vital fact is entirely overlooked by any method of waterproofing which would place the waterproofing on the in- terior surface of a foundation walK Not only will no interior coating of "cement, or any other waterproofing material, protect the steel, but no so- called "watertight" concrete, cement plaster or washes applied to even the exterior surface of the wall — even assuming that they did not crack and separate — would serve, because they do not and can not insulate. Water- proofing means insulation, as we stated in the beginning of this paper, and the application and importance of that fact is becoming more and more to be understood and appreciated by the thoughtful engineer and architect. Insulation means to separate, to get away from. There can be no water- proofing without insulation. It is a natural law. Therefore, any method of waterproofing not based on this principle is erroneous.

After dye consideration, therefore, and recognizing the fact that so- called "watertight concrete" or cement plaster or washes are not in them- selves insulators, does it not seem necessary and logical that we seek some other method of waterproofing than to rely upon watertightness in the concrete itself; that we get away from the concrete and provide something between the concrete and moisture, i. e., between the concrete and the in- sulating material and between the concrete and the earth, to so protect and insulate it that water will not reach the concrete, whether it cracks or not? This brings us to the consideration of the second method.

The Elastic or Membrane {Method.

Under this head come the materials and methods for preventing water from coming in contact with the concrete. Practically the first efforts in

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this direction were to coat the surface to be waterproofed with hot coal-tar pitch or asphalt, which, however, when set and cold, cracked and separated with any settling or cracking of the masonry. Burlap was subsequently used to reinforce the pitch or asphalt, without, however, preventing them from cracking, and the burlap, being of itself not waterproof, did not give water- proofness. Later on there came into use for this purpose tar paper, which, . however, lacks pliability and tensile strength. Tar and tar paper have been extensivelv used for waterproofing in the past, simply because there was nothing else open to the profession. It was not until recent years that any serious effort was made to place waterproofing on a scientific basis and to make materials specially adapted to the various conditions, materials which would not become brittle like tar and tar paper, or be injuriously acted upon by water, the salts in the earth, alkali in cement, etc. The result of this specialization has been to greatly improve materials and methods, and to open to the profession products for difficult work and special conditions considerably in advance of old-school materials.

There are also used for waterproofing mastics composed of coal-tar pitch or asphalt, mixed with sand or torpedo gravel, resembling somewhat, when finished, an asphalt pavement. Mastics on floors, especially where there is considerable vibration, soon separate from walls, steel columns and girders If the mastic is made soft enough so as not to crack in winter, it becomes too soft to bear the load of traffic in summer. The chief objection to mastics is that they crack clear through with any contraction and expansion or cracking of the masonry or concrete surface of which they become an integral part when applied hot thereon.

Specifications also frequently require that the interior surfaces of foundation walls and floors shall be given one or two coats of some water- proofing paint. The paints might be excellent materials in themselves, but their use for such a purpose is a sheer waste of time and money, as they can ~liot possibly preventV tor a number of obvious reasons, the percolation^ot water through the wall, or protect the embedded steel.

Textile Waterproofing Materials.

There are also now on the market a number of what are termed "textile" waterproofing materials, which, on examination, will be tound composed, in many instances, of simply burlap, i. e., ordinary commercial baeeing. The fibre is vegetable, is extracted from the bark of trees, and is verv perishable, especiallv in underground conditions. 1 lie apparent strength of such materials misleads one into using them, whereas strength alone is not by any means, the first essential in a waterproofing material. These saturated textiles, burlaps or baggings are, in a measure gomg back- ward to the old-school method of incorporating burlap with pitch or asphalt to reinforce it as steel reinforces concrete. There is a clear distinction, however, between the principle and results to be obtained in reinforcing concrete with steel and reinforcing waterproofing with burlaped textiles. The two should not be confounded. Otherwise it would be advisable to reinforce the bitumen with copper mesh. The treated or saturated burlap is no more waterproof, especially for water-pressure work, than when originallv used to hold pitch or asphalt on a wall. This can be easily tes ed bv placing a single sheet or thickness of the treated burlap under the slU est water pfessure (as under a spigot), when it will be found hat water easily passes through the interstices of the material. A woven fabric

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The Architect and Engineer

has never proved superior for waterproofing, even though ft be canvas, because the fibres pull against instead of with each other, resulting in the opening of the interstices and the usual splitting of the fabric.

The best material is unquestionably a strong, fibrous felt, made in itself, i. e., in one sheet, absolutely impervious to air and water by a process of saturation and then coating with materials specially adapted to withstand the injurious action of water, and particularly all underground conditions. It is then practically an impervious membrane or skin through which, in one sheet, water will not pass. As many layers thereof as the conditions require can be then cemented together with a waterproof bitumen cement, not too weak or hard and brittle for the felt, but as strong and elastic as the felt. This forms a waterproof stratum so strong, tough and pliable that,

' without injury, it can be readily pulled, bent, turned, twisted, etc. Whether

. in a building foundation, covering the floor of a bridge or enveloping a tunnel, it readily conforms to the final conformation of the surface water- proofed, from Avhich it is practically apart and which it insulates and pro- tects under all conditions, settlements, jars, shocks, cracks, expansion, contraction, heat, snow, ice, water, etc.

The speaker some time ago termed this "the membrane method," and firml:^ believes it the basis for the development of a 'perfect waterproofing. It is not, therefore, primarily a question of material, but of method.

Reasons For The Name. We call it the "membrane method" because of the teaching of natural

. law. There is nothing made by man that its prototype in some form is not somewhere in nature. No man ever invented a color. No man ever devised an insulation for the most intricate electrical machinery as perfect as the insulation of the human brain — the dynamo of the universe. In seek- ing a guide, therefore, in our present problem, we find throughout nature no waterproofing which is hard or vitreous or rigid, because nature water- - proofs only living things (things that move), not dead ones or inorganic ones, which do not require it, but, by moisture, heat and decomposition are resolved back into carbonate of lime. Therefore, all things that live and move require, and are by necessity protected with, a flexible, elastic skin, yielding to growth, movement, action. Therein lies the origin, the first principle of waterproofing, natural or artificial Can any other principle be right?

In the very beginning of germination nature begins to cover, insulate and protect, with an elastic film, skin or membrane, the life germ. This law prevails through the whole line of plant and animal life, from a grain of mustard up to a mastodon. Puncture this protecting skin or membrane and there immediately ensues decomposition (or corrosion) in the exposed flesh. So long as the plant or animal lives, whether one or a hundred years, this yielding membrane perfectly protects. We ourselves take the

• tough hide and the fine elastic skin of animals to protect our feet and water- proof our hands, both our own and the artificial protection readily yielding to every move of the foot or hand.

If a chicken came forth in a coating of soap and alum or cement plaster, its usefulness would end with its appearance. Nor do we waterproof our feet or our hands by immersing them in a bath of cement, which would make them set, rigid and useless. Yet, is this not essentially what we do when we would protect and waterproof our walls and structures, which must settle, contract, expand and move, with a coating of cement plaster or an injection of hardening fluid to embalm them, thus thwarting natural law and preventing instead of providing for the natural functions of the

The Architect and Engineer

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masonry or concrete, and also imperiling both the waterproofness and the usefulness of the structure? Obviously, therefore, a natural waterproofing is one which— skin, hide or membranelike— yields to the natural contraction and expansion of the structure and protects it by preventing water from reaching it. Tf. therefore, the skin or membrane theory is logical, natural and right, it then simply remains for the chemist and the manufacturer to scientifically perfect materials necessary for the practical application of that

method. i j u -4. ^i

Coming down to actual work under this method, we would submit the

following :

Recommendations for Practice.

1 —Properly design the thing to be waterproofed. Use no set specifica- tion. Each condition has its characteristics and should be carefully con- sidered, especially with reference to the character and use of the structure.

2 -^Select the best "materials" obtainable for the desired purpose. 3_See to the correct application of the materials. In water-pressure

work,' as in foundations, employ only skilled labor, thoroughly experienced in such work.

Foundations.— The walls should be waterproofed and insulated on the exterior, specially prepared, surface with a thick, tough, elastic stratum of waterproofing composed of alternate layers of impervious felt and bitumen Use as many lavers of felt as the conditions require, accordmg to the water pressures, etc., in any event, use not fewer than two layers o felt Carry the stratum under the foundation floor. Thus insulate and waterproof the foundation, forming practically a waterproof box in which the foundation proper is set.

It pays to protect the waterproofing stratum on the walls with a layer of cement mortar or a course of brick.

AValls Above Grade.— In the perfect cold stora^ structure there can

be well afforded above grade an outer or curtain wall and an inner or wa proper Line the interior surface of the curtain wall, or if no curtain wall be used, the interior surface of the wall proper, with one layer (two would be better) of impervious felt cemented to the wall, thus forming thereon a membrane through which air and moisture cannot pass.

Similarly treat all subdivisions of the wall which may be divided into air spaces, whether or not they be filled with an insulating material. This forms on both sides of the insulating medium an impervious air-tight membrane, which not only perfects the air space, but preserves the efficiency of the insulating material by protecting it against the entrance of air and moisture.

Also similarlv treat the floors, ceilines and partitions of each com- partment. When the compartments are of wood, lap the felt sheets three inches, cement the laps only and tack same.

Floors— Under and over each layer of insulating material apply one sheet of impervious felt, lapped three inches and the lap tightly cemented.

If the wearing or walking surface of the floors be of mastic or of con- crete apply under same three layers (though two would serve) of im- oervious felt, thoroughly cemented together with special hot bitumen so as to form a strong, pliable, waterproof stratum under the wearing surface. This will eflfectuallv stop any moisture and water from condensation or other cause working its way down through cracks in the cement wearing surface and destroying the usefulness of the material.

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The Architect ami Engineer

Model of Design for a Bank Building Sidney B. Ne-wsoni. Architect

Cracks, in greater or less degree, eventually develop in all cement or mastic (asphalt) wearing surfaces, especially under refrigeration condi- tions. Jt will be admitted that it is not only the large quantity of water which settles on or flows over a floor and by exaporation of drainage dis- appears, with which the refrigerating engineer is most concerned, but the small quantity of moisture or water which through even the smallest crack works its way through into the insulation and immediately turns it from a medium of value into one of absolute destruction. These small, apparently harmless cracks — more often unseen than seen — are like the small worm which sinks the ship. Against these cracks and defects the ^'membrane method" at all times, whether the temperature be up or the temperature be down, affords a perfect protection to the underlying in- sulation. It is absolutely impossible to obtain such protection by any coat- ing, or wash, or layer of cement plaster, applied to the surface of the concrete floor.

Roof. — Cover the roof with three or four layers of impervious felt cemented together with hot bitumen. Cover this waterproof stratum with a course of brick laid flat or a thin fayer of cement, over which place good soil six inches deep. Then sow same with grass seed. This will provide a cool, insulating roof which cannot be excelled for cold storage buildings. At the same time it utilizes valuable roof space which now goes to waste.

Finally. — In refrigerating construction we must, above all else, and again reiterate — keep moisture out of the insulation — in other words, **keep our powder dry."

The theory of insulation and waterproofness must be fo studied and perfected by the refrigerating engineer as to properly include the entire structure — foundation, roof, walls, interiors — and not until then will his work be crowned with success.

,* _

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The Architect and Engineer

61

Mining and Geology Building. H 'hitman College. Portland. Ore. MacNaughton. Raymond &• Lawrence. Architects and Engineers

The Architecture of the New Whitmar

ollege

By E. F. LAWRENCE, Architect.*

W

HITMAN College is one of the few western colleges rivaling the ea^ ern institutions in a rich tradition. It has set a high^ standard of scholarship as is shown by its ranking in the Carnegie foundation and bfthe fact that its graduates receive full value for their degrees in the colleges of the highest standing throughout the country.

The Board of Overseers of The New Whitman, realizing the vast engmeer- ing opportunities in the undeveloped Northwest, are preparing for a future technological school of considerable importance, and have wiselv seen that architectural harmony may be obtained only by working toward a definite plan. In this capacity the architects have worked upon the problem and sub- mitted to the Board of Overseers at the Educational Congress held at Walla Walla on November 17th and 18th, a proposed treatment of the grounds now owned by the College. A simple architectural treatment has been adopted throughout the entire group, the style being somewhat colonial. The crown- ine feature of the composition in the large quadrangle is the auditorium, library and museum combined into one large building, which is the most monumental building of the entire group. This building is flanked to the east by the fine arts, architectural and archaeology building and the academic buildine while to the west is the main engineering group with civil and mechanical engineering, mining and geology building and biology and sani- "atTon, forestry and irrigation buildings. Back o these buildings abu ting the railroad track is the power group and shops with steam and electrical labora- tories. Opposite the auditorium and to the south are the electrical engineering

^l^La>.rence is a member of the firm of MacNaughton. Raymond & Lawrence, Architects and Engineers, Portland, Ore.

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Proposed Treatment of the new Campus. Whitman College. Walla Walla. Wash. MacSaughton. Raymond &- Lawrence. Architects and h.nRinecr^

64

The Architect and Engineer

Civil

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and physics and diemistry buildings, while the present Whitman memorial building serving as an administrative building is centered on the pathway being the west boundry of the large quadrangle. A statue o£ Marcus Whitman, the murdered missionary is in the center of this quadrangle.

Raised slightly above this quadrangle lies the secondary campus, more informal in treatment, about which are the dining halls for both men and women, the gymnasiums for both sexes and the Christian Association build- ings.

Across the street from the memorial building to the south is the college chapel, closing the quadrangle of the men's dormitories. The girls dormi- tory is to be to the north and east of the general campus as will be also the stadium land athletic field. Red brick will be used trimmed with buff terra cotta and a careful study of the planting problem has been made to make an appropriate setting for the architecture.

Active building operations will probably start in the spring or summer on the principal buildings of the engineering group as well as a portion of the dormitory quadrangle.

Inexpensive Andirons

If you will examine the andirons in fireplaces of most small apart- ments, fireplaces where nothing, or at best a gas-log, is to be burned, you will see an example of the cheapest kind of spun brass andiron. It is merely lengths of thin brass piping and lacquered brass balls strung together on invisible iron frames. A slight blow will dent the brass balls, and you have only to pick the things up to realize how flimsy they are.

Many thousands of home builders who have real fireplaces in which they burn wood furnish them with these cheap andirons.

There are plenty of good cast brass andirons made nowadays, but they cost three times as much as a pair of spun brass. You may buy the latter as low as $2.50 a pair . is hard to get good modern cast brass andirons for less than $7 or $8 a pair, and they come as high as $100.

It is no longer easy to pick up old cast brass andirons at the junk shops, and the antique shops hold them at high prices. If you keep your eyes open when visiting the country you may still pick up good old andirons at $3 or $4 a pair, and they are usually quite as well made as the best of the modern cast brass. — The House Beautiful.

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The Architect and Engineer

65

Schdtne

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san Francisco Bay

By F. T. NEWBERY, C. E.

T- O CONNECT the city of San Francisco with the cities of Oakland and I Berkeley by means of a tunnel beneath the waters of the bay is an ■ engineering feat that has many times been thought out but not always with entirely practical results. The writer would organize a great transporta- tion company with a capital stock of $5,000,000 in 500,000 shares of $10 each. According to the writer's plans the line commences on the surface of the streets of the City of Oakland, thence running westerly, enters the portal of a concrete lined tunnel and continues on an easy grade (maximum 1% for 1.7 miles) which gradually diminishes to level. At three miles from the Oakland shore line the top of the tunnel is 114 feet below the surface of the bay with only 24 feet depth of water. At the shore line of the city of San Francisco the top of the tunnel is 134 feet below the surface of the bay. This double track tunnel is made perfectly secure and water-tight with an ample thickness of concrete which may be expected to last forever. It is projected in a straight line; the two tracks of standard gauge (4'8>4") are separated by a row of pillars two feet square, arched from one pillar to the next, 15 feet between

centers.

The excavation is 32 feet wide and 16 feet high ; the length of the tunnel is five miles and the excavation is good material the whole distance. No right of way will be purchased except for terminal purposes. No connection will be made with any other railroad as all passengers will be charged a uniform 5 cent fare excepting commuters, and the time occupied in crossing in rain, shine, fog or storm will be six minutes with a train every three minutes. Persons willing to assist in this enterprise will be able to purchase books of commutation trip tickets at the rate $12 per year without date limits and transferable. Under these exceptionable conditions all lines of railroad on each side of the bay will be anxious to reach as near as possible the east or "west terminus of the railroad. The Ime will be operated by electricity made b^r the company on their own premises. At the San Francisco terminus the passengers will be brought to the surface in fast running elevators. At night from 11 P. M. to 5 A. M. freight trains will be run at the same rate of speed, the tariff being fixed at about 50 cents per ton.

The specifications for the construction of this line of railroad will be as follows, reference being had to the accompanying profile and cross section.

Excavation, 528,000 cubic yards, at $2.00.

Cement, 200,000 barrels, at $2.00

Broken Stone, 132,000 cubic yards, at $2.00.

Sand, 55,000 cubic yards, at $1.00

Labor

13,200 Ties (Sawn) 8"x6"x8', at 80 cents.

Rails, 90 lbs. per yard. 1,400 tons

Spikes, fish-plates, switches, etc

Bonding rails, electric wiring, etc

Elevators •

Land, etc.

Engineering and contingencies.

$1,056,000

400,000

264000

55.000

280.000

11.000

70.000

5,000

20.000

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103.000 220,000

100 Passenger Cars (equipped with 2-100 H motors) at

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Total cost

$3,000,000

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$1,500 " ~ The operation and maintenance charges will be light as there is very little of a perishable nature about the plant. It is compact and easily handlea. It is also entirely out of the reach of politics, and there will be very few accidents chargeable to the company. The company can remain in business any length of time. ,

The Rebuilding of the Cliff House

CONSIDERABLE interest is being taken in the construction of the Cliff House in San Francisco, to replace the famous old structure which was destroyed by fire. The new building in no way resembles the old one. The latter was built almost entirely of wood and once the flames got started the historic pile of timber burned like a Swedish match.

The architects, Messrs. Reid Bros, have treated the buildmg as an en- o-ineering as well as an architectural problem and they have successfully com^ bined the two, producing a structure that is in perfect harmony with the surroundings and at the same time substantial and fire proof.

The building is to be entirely of reinforced concrete, with steel beam fioors and roof, the whole being made monolithic in each story by the novel method introduced by Mr. A. W. Pattiani, manager of the San Francisco Rebuilding Company, the contractors of the building. By conveying all con- crete by gravity, silently and without vibration to steel or forms, sp that the moment of setting of the cement is not disturbed, a much stronger and more monolithic construction is obtained. Mr. Pattiani's method is unquestionably one of the best yet conceived for quick and economical handling of concrete and architects and engineers who have inspected the work are exceedingly well pleased with the results. A complete story is ixnired in three days time at a minimum cost. The accompanying illustrations show the plat.t m operation at the second floor slab and the building as it will appear when finished.

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The Architect and Engineer 71

The Great Pyramid of Gizeh

In Two Papers— I.

By JAMES DICKIE, M. E.

THE Architect and Engineer gives its readers in tUis issue the first of two papers describing in a most interesting fnanner the impressions of Mr. James Dickie while visiting the great Pyramid of Gizeh, more commonlv knozvn as the K heap's Pyramid. The facts which Mr. Dickie gathered in his exploration of the pyramid cover a wide range of thought, and writing as he does from the position of the mechanical engineer, he brings out some amazing points not heretofore set forth by other ivriters. The problems of transporting the huge stones in those times, the kind of labor employed, and the real purpose of engaging in so stupendous an undertaking are all discussed at length, and the con- clusions made are quite as logical c^ they are interesting. — Ed.

THE great pyramid of Gizeh, near Cairo, in Egypt, is well worth a visit from anyone, and according to the bent of the mind of the traveler will be his impressions regarding it. I will confine myself entirely to this one pyramid, although there are many

others in Egypt. m • • r

The writer being a mechanical engineer, will necessarily view it from a

mechanical standpoint. -

I propose to tre^t it under seven different heads, namely :

First — Its durability.

Second — Its size and interior arrangement.

Third— Its weight.

Fourth— Sizes and kind of stone of which it was built.

Fifth— How were these stones transported from-the€[ttarry^fe€^4h# .strife

ture? . . ^

Sixth—What kind of labor was employed in its construction .''

Seventh—What were the reasons for building it?

The great pyramid was built by Kheops about 2800 years before the Christian era, which makes it about 4700 years old. Nearly everything else in the form of a building of that age has perished, many of them leaving not a vestige behind, but the pyramids stand today little the worse for wear and will stand for thousands of years to come. Of course it is like every other

great idea — it is simple. i , i_ •, • .

Its lasting qualities are due to its shape. No form could be devised with more staying qualities than the pyramid form. All other kinds of build- ing decay on both sides while the pyramid, being solid, or almost so, only wastes away on the outside, and even if it wore away at the rate of six inches in a century (the average waste since its completion has been less than three inches in a century), it will be thousands of years before it goes to ruin. It is almost as imperishable as the everlasting hills.

The interior chambers are lined with the most lasting stones that could be found. While enough air was permitted to enter the pyramid to keep it sweet, there was not enough to cause decay in the stones, showing that the builders understood the science of ventilation, and also the fact that if too much air were admitted decay would take place. As it is now decay in the

interior has scarcely begun. I

The size of the pyramid was originally 768 feet square on the bottom, and 482 feet high, and covered about thirteen acres. It is now 750 feet square

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72

The Architect and Engineer

and 451 feet high. The outside coating has nearly all disappeared by the ravages of time, relic hunters, and builders using the stones for other pur- poses.

The accompanying sketch shows the outside slope off^e structure and the shape and size of the interior passages and chambers. The entire pyramid is built of stones, most of which were quarried at a distance of twelve miles from where it is built. The black granite which is used in part of the pas- sages and for the lining of all the interior chambers is found about 580 miles up the Nile River, near Assuan.

The stones forming the body of the pyramid show a width of step of about 27 inches by a height of about three feet. Of course there is no place where the horizontal dimensions of the stones can be determined, but it is likely they would be 3)^ to 4 feet at least. The lengths can easily be seen, and they vary from 4 to 24 feet.

The whole exterior of the pyramid was covered with flat granite stones laid in cement. This stone covering is about 3 feet thick and only a small portion of it is now in place. This covering made the finished appearance of the pyramid and covered up the entrance to the interior.

' The entrance on the north side, about 48 feet above the ground, is not in the center of the side, and was evidently put where it is to mislead any who would search for it. It was only after the outer covering was partly removed that the opening was discovered and the interior could be explored.

The entrance passageway is about 3 feet 4 inches wide, and about 4 feet high, and descends at an angle of about 26J/2 degrees for a distance of about 320 feet. It then joins into a horizontal passage about 28 feet long, which ter- minated in a subterranean chamber about 100 feet below the foundation of the pyramid, cut in the solid rock, about 46 feet long, 27 feet wide and 10^ feet high.

At the junction of the passageway to the king's and queen's chamber

and the main passage, a stone of black granite was fitted to block the passage

—4 which stone will be referred to late4' on),-:^="'" " ... -^-^^^.^ -^

Wher ""he explorers came to this stone they thought it was not the end of the passage, and tried to cut through it. They found it so hard that they finally cut around it through the softer stone and came to the passageway on the other side, which ascended at about the same angle as what was thought the main passage descended.

This passage continued to ascend for about 125 feet, and entered into the great hall which is about 155 feet long, 28 feet high and varying in width from 3 feet 4 inches at the bottom to 7 feet at the top.

The lining of the great hall is of fine grained limestone, and the joints of the stone are perfect. None of the stones in this hall are excessively large, but the workmanship on them is perfect, the joints being so close as to prevent the insertion of the point of a needle.

In the sides of this great hall were niches for the sarcophagus. In the smooth floor were foot holes for the feet, to prevent slipping. At the end of the hall is a horizontal passage about 22 feet long, which leads into the king's chamber.

The king's chamber is 34j^ feet long, 17 feet wide and 19 feet high, and the floor is about 140 feet above the base of the pyramid. It is lined with hard black granite, some of the stones being quite large. These stones are about 10 feet 3 inches squared the thickness being unknown, and as the ancients did not veneer their work, let us suppose them to be 8 feet thick. If this is so, the stones would weigh about 64 tons (we will refer to this subject again).

The joints o'f these stones all round were perfect, not only as regards their closeness, but the adjoining stones matched them perfectly in plane, which means that the faces were in a true plane. This is the true test of the mechanic.

The Architect and Engineer

73

The Great Pyramid

To the mechanic a true plane is one of the most difficult things to make, and

they were true planes. - , . i

When we come to sculpture, that is the artist, but to niake a true p ane re- quires a mechanic of the highest order. The stones that spanned the roof were also large and true, and the joints close. -

There were no relics in any of the passages or chambers. What they dm contain was removed long ago. The only thing left was what was supposed ta be^a sarcophagus of granite, with the lid or cover gone, and no m script ions ^n^it:: It was 7>4 feetlong, 3 feet 5 inches wide and 3 feet 4-Tnciies high. Some writers claim that this was the standard measure of wheat. We often hear the remark, '*So many quarters of wheat," and it is claimed that this stone holds exactly four quarters, which is the standard measure. Whatever it may be, it has no mark of any kind on it. It is silent.

Leaving this chamber, with its overhead chambers (reached by a ladder only which we did not visit), we retrace our steps back to the lower end of the great hall, where a horizontal passage, about the same size as the others, 135 leet long, leads to the queen's chamber. j ^r. r . i • u

The qu«n's chamber \l about 19 feet long, 17 feet wule and 20 feet h.Rh The same sood workmanship is visible here as m the kmg s chamber. Near the entrant to the passage to the queen's chamber is a shaft leadmg down v^rtSlv about 100 Lt. Whence curvmg to meet the '-- P-^^J^^.^"^ 70 feet from the lower subterranean chamber. Th.s shaf and the siibterranean chamber we did not visit, as they were simply a repetition of what we had already seen^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ 94.720.000 cubic feet of solid

masonry, and now contains about 84.518,000 cubic feet, having lost only 10 ir c^nt of its weight in 47 centuries. If it wa.sted away in the future at the same rate it would be 42.300 years until it was all gone

Takint? the averace weight of the stones of which it is built at 16d lbs. per cubic iot'gives us the original weight of 6^933,000 tons. Its present weight is about 6,225,000 tons. What a large quantity of material t» be massed together in one place: some of it found in the neighborhood, a large portion brought about 12 miles, from the opposite side of the river, and some brought from a distance of about 580 miles up the Nile.

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7/?^ Architect and Engineer

None pf the stones used in its construction were extremely large. The largest the writer saw being the one already mentioned in the side of the king's chamber, which was about 10 feet 3 inches square, and supposing the thickness to be say 8 feet (it could not be measured, as it was built in the wall), would weigh about 64 tons.

The stones which show on the outside of the pyramid measure about 3 ,feet in height. They would be 33^ to 4 feet in width and range from 4 feet to 24 feet in length, and the largest of them would weigh about 27 tons. Wh^n we compare these weights with the stones in one of the temples ac Balbtck in Syria, the largest of which are 64 feet long^ 13 feet wide and 10 feet high, and weigh about 612 tons each, the size does not impress us. These were brought across a ravine several miles away from the building.

The writer has seen the statement in a magazine that the pyramids were built of concrete or artificial stone. This particular pyramid, which is the largest and believed to be the oldest, is not composed of concrete or artificial stone.

Neither is the Sphinx which is close to it. The grain of the stone is quite plain and altogether diflFerent from any artificial stone. I have read the description of the other pyramids and find no mention of them being of arti- ficial stone, the writers telling in each case from which quarries the stone was taken.

There are three kinds of stone in the pyramid. The interior body is of yellow limestone found in the neighborhood. The outer stones and part of the passages are of finer white limestone found on the opposite side of the Nile in the Mokattam, 12 to 14 miles distant. The lining of the king's and queen's cham- ber and the stones used to block the passages after the coffins were in place were of very hard black granite, which is one of the most lasting and hardest stones in existence.

This stone is found about 580 miles up the Nile from where the pv-tamids are built. Many of the statues in the museum at Cairo are made of this stone and the red granite, some of which are as old as the pyramids, and so far as the stone is concerned they show little signs of decay. Some of them have pieces broken oflF, but the stone itself is in good state of preservation. The design is stiflf and not to be compared with those of a later period, but the workmanship is good and they must have had good tools to cut that extremely hard stone.

An Important Omission

V

A Wisconsin editor was visiting in Chicago and decided to buy a new Panama hat. Going into a store, he asked the price of one that looked good to him. -

The clerk replied, "Fifteen dollars." * . Whereat the editor asked, "Where are the holes?"

The clerk appeared bewildered for a moment, but managed to ask, "What holes?"

The editor replied, "The holes for the ears of the ass that would pay fifteen dollars for a hat like that."

* *

There is more profit in increasing your income than in cutting down your expenses. Work for the profit.

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Always meet people with a smile — if it's your turn to treat. 1

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The Architect and Engineer

75

Points of Law for Architecls

PARTIES competent to contract may make such terms as they see fit, and will be held to the performance according to such terms. So it has generally been held that provisions in building contracts that the work shall be done to the satisfaction of the architect, or that payment shall be made only upon the presentation of the architect's certificate, are bmd- ing and must be complied with before the contractor may recover the compensation to which he is entitled upon the performance of his contract. . In adjusting the claims of the parties under building contracts, which provide for payment upon the presentation of the architect's certificate, the courts look not merely at the naked words of the contract, but at their real meaning, reading them in the light of experience, justice and common

sense. . .

The certificate of the architect may be, and doubtless is in most cases, a very proper means of ascertaining" whether the contract has been per- formed, but to say that it is the only means of determining that fact, does not accord with common experience, and is not supported by the authority of adjudicated cases .

If the architect, whose certificate the contractor is required to present, fails or refuses to act in the matter, the certificate then ceases to be essen- tial to the contractor's right to. recover. In McDonald vs. Patterson & Co S7 N E. Rep., 1027, the parties had entered into a contract for the erection of a hotel and bank building in Danville, 111. Final payment was to be made upon the certificate of the architects within ten days after com- pletion of the work. The owners refused to pay the contractor on the ground that he had not presented the architect's certificate that the work had been done to their satisfaction, as required by the contract. The con- tractor showed that the architects, who had their offices in Chicago, were employed by the owner and refused to go to Danville for the purpose of inspecting the work, unless so directed by the owner, and as the owner- "wouTd not give such directions, the architects did not see the building and^ could not issue their certificate. The evidence was held to justify an in- ference that there was collusion between the owner and his architects which obviated the necessity of obtaining a certificate.

An architect in employ of a city was appointed to act as arbitrator under a contract for the construction of waterworks, to which the city and a contractor were parties. The architect was empowered to direct the con- tractor to do extra work with the approval of the city council and to decide all questions which should arise relative to the installation of the water- works by the contractor. After the works had been substantially com- pleted to the satisfaction of the architect, and had been in the use of the city for three months, a break and leak occurred in the settling basin which rendered them unfit for use. Thereupon, by direction of a committee of the city council, the architect notified the contractor to repair the basins and to make them water tight, or that the city would do so at his expense. The contractor replied that he was not responsible for -the break and re- fused to remedy it. In an action by the city against the contractor it was shown that the architect had given his final certificate as to the proper completion of the work and had determined that the 15 per cent which was to be retained until the work was finished, was due and payable to the contractor And it was held, accordingly, that the authority of the architect to act as arbitrator had ceased and that his mere direction that the con- tractor repair the break did not make such work a legal obligation upon the contractor.

H'^aA

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Amrriran Jnatttut^ nf Arrljtt^rtfi

(ORGANIZED 1857)

OFFICERS FOR 1908:

President Cass Gilbert,

New York. First Vice-President. . .John M. Donaldson,

Detroit. Second Vice-President. .William A. Boring,

New York. Secretary and Treasurer. .. .Glenn Brown,

Washington, D. C.

Auditor for Two Years Robert Stead,

Washington, D. C.

Board of Directors for 1908

For Two Years — Walter Cook, New York Edgar V, Seelcr, Philadelphia; J. L. Mauran St. Louis, Mo.

For One Year — Alfred Stone, Providence, R. I. Irving K. Pond, Chicago, 111.; Ralph Adams Cram Boston, Mass.

For Three Years — Frank Miles Day, Philadel phia; R. Clipston Sturgis, Boston; George Gary Buflfalo, N. Y. Next Convention at Washington, D. C.

San Francisco Chapter of American Institute of Architects

President Albert Pissis

Vice-President William Mooser

Secretary-Treasurer Sylvain Schnaittacher

^ S Henry A. Schulze

Trustees \ William Curlett

Southern California Chapter

President Myron Hunt

Vice-President J. Lee Burton

Treasurer August Wackerbarth

Secretary Ferdinand Parmentier

Board of Directors A. F. Rosenheim Octavius Morgan

Arthur B. Benton C. H. Brown

R. B. Young

([laUfnrnia 0tatr *aarb of Arr!|ttrrturf

NORTHERN DISTRICT.

Vice-President John F. Krempel

Secretary-Treasurer Lionel Deane

AssT. Secretary-Treasurer Fred H. Roehrig

( Wm. Curlett Trustees < Joseph C. Newsom

I Clarence R. Ward

SOUTHERN DISTRICT.

President John P. Krempel

Secretary-Treasurer Fred H. Roehrig

( Octavius Morgan Trustees -| Sumner P. Hunt

( Wm. S. Hebbard

Plans for San Francisco's New Municipal

Buildings

- Proposed plans of a R^encral nature for the erection of two new municipal build- ings in San Francisco to replace the old city hall and the building of a mammoth auditorium on the present site were en- thusiastically discussed at a recent meet- ing of the reception committee of the Cali- fornia PromotioiL committee at which the members of the board of supervisors and other citv officials were guests.

Supervisor Loring P. Rixford explained the project which recently has been given careful attention and studv, and a strong sentiment in favor of the improvement was manifested. The plan, as outlined, contem- plates the purchase by the citv of a strip of land 100 feet wide on each side of Marshall square, extending through from Market street to City Hall avenue. On each of these parcels of land a modern eight story building would . be erected — one for the use of ttie courts and alHed departments and the other for general administrative offices. The present citv hall ruins would be entirely razed, and on the same site would be erected a great auditorium.

The auditorium idea is the outcome of the plans of the California Promotion com- mittee to make San Francisco one of the greatest convention cities of the United States. Such a building as the one pro- posed would be in some respects similar to Madison Sauare garden in New York city, having a seating capacity of from 15 000 to 20,000 and a removable floor laid over ashphalt or concrete, that would allow of its conversion into a huge hall for horse shows, expositions, sporting events, aquatic carnivals and the like.

As a result of the meeting, it is probable that City Architect Tharp will be asked to prepare rough outline plans and estimates of the general design and cost of such a group of new buildings. The estimate dis- cussed was $1,500,000 for the departmental buildings and from $1,0(XIOOO to $1 500.(X)n for the auditorium.

Certificated Architects.

The following architects have passed a satisfactory examination bv the State Board of Architecture, and have been granted certificates to practice their profession in this state :

The Architect and Engineer

77

Otto H. Neher, 601 Pacific Electric Bldg., Los Angeles. R. Myron Woobert, Alhambra. Leonard A. Cook, Santa Barbara.

Fine Building for Los Angeles

With the completion of the new fireproof office building of the Pacific Mutual Insur- ance Company, at Sixth and Olive streets Los Angeles, one of the most substantial and artistic structures that has been erected in the city has been perfected. The building was designed and supervised by architects Parkinson & Berg^om. It is a five story and basement buildine, of reinforced con- crete construction, faced with glazed terra cotta and of the Corinthian style of archi- tecture. Ever-' known modern feature for the convenience of the occupants has been provided for and from basement to roof the equipment is of best quality.

Mr. Allom Addresses San Francisco

Chapter, A. LA.

By Sylvain Schnaittacher, Secretary.

SAN Francisco Chapter, American In- stitute of Architects, held its Decem- ber meeting at Taits on Thursday evening, December 17, 1908. The -members presenf were : Albert Pissis, president Wm. Mooser, vice-president; Sylvam Schnaittacher, secretary; , ^"l , ^"^T': Clinton Day, Chas. W- Dickey, John Bake

Charles C. Allom of London, England was present as a guest of the Chapter.

After the transaction of routine business, Mr Allom gave the Chapter some very in- teresting remarks, a synopsis of which

follows : , ,

Mr Allom stated he took great pleasure, in being at the meeting ; that he represented three generations of architects, but his own professional practice had more to do with interior decoration. From his first visit to America five years ago, he was gaining a greater interest and respect tor American buildings and the architects ot this country. He called oarticular atten- tion to the work of Messrs. McKim, Meade & White ; to the skill and attention they have shown in utilizing classic detail in large public buildings. He stated that in Europe the public had apparently tired of the classic detail, but he felt Europe had a great lesson to learn from the American tendency to apply Roman detail to its

buildings. , . . . a

He spoke of the admiration and regard

he had for the work accomplished and

good taste displayed in designing the new

buildings for San Francisco. ,

Mr Allom stated thai he was Chair-

1 man of the architectural section of the

forthcoming Imnerial and International

Exhibition to be held at Sheoard's Bush, near London. He stated that the buildings would cover from forty-six to fifty-two acres of ground and would contain the special products of all countries, speciahz- ing on the products for which each state or country was famous. He asked that a re- presentative display be sent from this country, of our architectural work, stating that the American architect was much too modest in regaru to his efforts ; and closed by again stating the great pleasure he took in the originality and preg-ess of American architecture.

Honor for Architect Brown

Architect Arthur Brown. Jr., of the firm of Bakewell & Brown, of San Francisco has been awarded the first prize of $125 for his design of the Sloat Monument, to be erected in Monterey, Cal. Architect Brown will perhaps be awarded the work as his design was acceptable to all parties concerned. Mr. Brown spent a number of vears in the Beaux Arts School, Paris.

Engineer Breite in New Office

W. W. Breite, the well know;n struc- tural engineer whose offices since the fire have been on Golden Gate avenue, San Francisco, has joined the down- town movement and is now located in spacious quarters in the Clunie building at the corner of California and Mont- gomery streets. Mr. Breite is, without doubt, one of the most capable structural engineers on the Pacific coast.

^ ^Architects^Scek Writr

E. H. Denke and A. R. Denke, San Francisco architects, have petitioned the superior court for a writ of mandate compelling the State Board ot Archi- tecture for the northern district of Cali- fornia to issue to them certificates to the effect that they had been practicing their profession in California for five years immediately preceding March ^J, 1901 Under the terms of legislation adopted on that date by the state legis- lature architects who had practiced in California for five years or more were entitled to a certificate without under- going an examination. The Denkes as- sert that the only reason the board has refused them certificates is that they are engaged in the building contractors business.

Ability Recognized Wilbur David Cook. Jr. landscape architect, Los Angeles, has been em- ployed by the Park Commission of ba.i Dietfo in a consulting capacity on their work in the City Park. 1400 acres. Mr Geo Cooke was engaged on this work at the time of his unfortunate accident and death, some time ago.

tll^

78

The Architect and Eukrineer

4.5

Of=^ c

Member of California

PabUshed Mont> Architects, ^ tractors and Pacific Coast glncer Compai

621 Monadnock Teieph Room 234—14 432 CiMiilicr of Co

TCRMS

(Including postage) to

per annum ; to Canada 50c additional

tl additional.

to all Foreiini points

Vol XV.

Iantar

No. 3.

RRiS Kind, C E. M. B. Gester. J NO. B. Leonard, C. E

LoREN E. Hunt, C. E.

W. E. Dennison, Atholl McBean, M. A. Murphy.

W. W. Breite. C

Cement

Reinforced Concrete ] Inspection { and Tests

Brick.

Tile and Cotta

Terra

Frank Soule

H. T. JAME.S -

G. B. Ashcroft. C. E. W. J. Watson - J. R. D. Mackenzie Wm. E. Leland S. B. F. H. Bryant Carl E. Roesch. ) William Adams. ) C. Walter Tozer •

p ) Structural Steel and '^^ » Iron

Masonry Engineertng^ Paints. Oils and Varnish

Artificial Stone

r Roofs and Roofing

J Heating and i Ventilating^

Decorative Lighting

• Interior Decoration

Wilbur David Cook. Landscape Architecture T. C. Kierulff Legal Points

F. W. FiTZPATRiCK. Fireproof Construction Edwin B. Pike Electrical Construction

S California Metal \ Trades Ass'n F. Emerson Hoar. Illuminating Engineer C. W. Whitney Building Construction

H. W. Kerrigan

ARCHITECTURAL

Henry A. Schulze Alfred F. Rosenheim Willis Polk William Knowles

D. Franklin Oliver Jas. W. Reid Clinton Day Kenneth MacDonald Houghton Sawyer John G. Howard Arthur Brown. Jr.

M. V. Politeo T. J. Welsh Chas. P. Weeks Fred J . Berg Chas. F, Whittlesey Octavius Morgan W. A. Newman

CONTR

Merrit Reid William Curlett Albert Pissis Edgar .\. Mathews Julius E. Kraft Geo. A. Dodge John C. Pelton Albert Sutton Arthur O. Johnson Herbert E. Law C. F. Wieland. C. E.

F. W. Jones

E. M. C. Whitney

Inc. S. Sidley L. J. Flynn

H. Alban Reeves J. C. Austin F. D. Hudson Sumner P. Hunt C. Sumner Greene Ralph W. Hart James Seadler Maxwell G. Bugbee Clayton D. Wilson

E. Mathewson Harrison Albright John Parkinson W.J. Cuthbertson A. W. Smith T. Patterson Ross William H. Weeks Chas. W. Dickey Henry C. Smith

IBUTORS

Hon. Jas. D. Phelan J. T. Walsh. C. E. Chas. Havens Fred H. Meyer Smith O'Brien

F. T. Shea H. F. Starbuck Nathaniel Blaisdell W. T. Bliss William Mooser Geo. H Wyman

Managing Editor

Manager

Los Angeles

Portland. Ore.

"PITFALLS IN PRACTICE "

We have heard many comments up- on an article, 'Titfalls in Practice" in

our August number, an article that was re- produced from the London Building News. The subject is a most serious one and one fraught with difficulties. The architect's position is an anomalous one at best. He is supposed to be the judge in equity as between owner and contractor, yet he is in the employ exclusively of the owner, whose in- terests and desires are generally, if not always, inimical to those of the con- tractor. On the other hand, as a rule, owners and architects seldom move in the same social or business sphere. Architects and contractors and manu- facturers of building materials are thrown much together. Their interests are common, their lines of endeavor place them in contact and perfectly legitimate and natural friendships en- sue. Yet, the moment an architect and a contractor appear to be at all friendly the carpers and faultfinders shake their heads and whisper myster- iously, ''there's something wrong do- ing." It is A\ too bad but what's to be done?

ft would seem thav the more archP tects and manufactuiers of building materials and contractors got together, interchanged ideas and compared notes the greater and more rapid would be the advance in the building art. Practice and Experience would help Theory, and the latter would give new impetus to the former. But it doesn't seem to work that way. There appears to be an underlying and sinister current of resultant evils from such friendships. The whole practice of architecture could well be revamped, reorganized. There are endless pos- sibilities for good in such a work, but it is a matter that should be discussed and carefully thought out and weighed. We have nothing to suggest offhand except just one little detail and that is that as a preliminary to such revamping, reorganization, our architects should pay the very great- est attention, not only to art and to practice, but to the upbuilding of — personal character.

The Architect and Engineer

79

There certainly is room for optim- ism in regard to the artistic redemp- tion of our cities. Every- CIXY thing points to it, our

BEAUTIFUL architectural journals teem AGAIN with matter in connection

with it, the daily papers quote from them, and the people are becoming familiarized with such plans. The result is cumulative, like the roll- ing of a snow-ball, gathering size and momentum as it is pushed along. A little illustration of this growth, or really change of heart on the part of cities and great corporations may not be amiss. In a personal letter Mr. Fitzpatrick tells us of the herculean efforts he had to make some fifteen years ago or more to get a certain railroad president to expend a few hundred dollars in removing some un- sightly features of a railway approach to a city. There was much grumbling and that officer finally did it simply "as a personal favor" to a ''kicker. That same company and under the management of that same president has this year voluntarily and freely spent manv millions of dollars m building attractive stations and in im- proving the appearance of roadway -4te— essentially artistic details and things that will not produce one pfenny of direct return. And from railroads this desire to do things nicely will spread. It is contagious. We have the richest and biggest cities on earth why should they not also be the most beautiful?

Mr. Bassett Jones, Jr., discusses the below topic in the Electrical Re- view of Septem-

minating engineer is entitled to the same privilege enjoyed by every free- born citizen— the right to criticize, no matter if it be architecture, sculpture or art. When the illuminating en- gineer criticizes the architectural features of a building he does so, not as an engineer, but as a layman, which we think is entirely within his rights. An Eastern Contemporary, taking a more radical position, goes on to say

that :

"Buildings are not put up for the use of architects, and it is really of little conse- quence what architects think of them. Whether the drama, the poem, the novel, the painting, or the building, is or is not worthy of commendation is decided by those who know little or nothing of the technology connected with their produc- tion. By taking up the profession of illuminating engineering a man by no means abdicates his right to express his personal like or dislike of any work of art or artisanship."

Tfie ILLUMINATINQ

ENQINEER AS AN ARCHITECTURAL

CRITIC

ber 12th, as fol- lows: .

"If the illuminat- ing engineer criti- cized lighting fix- tures only, and only as fulfilling or not fulfilling engineering requirements, the architect would have no complaint to make. But the enginec as engineer has been emphatic in his opinion as to the artistic value of many Hghting installations, and not satisfied with this, he has extended his criticisms to architectural treatment in general.

Mr. Jones' opinions are correct in a general sense, but we think the illu-

Thinks Brick Superior to Concrete

The good old brick, which has been shoved back to second place as build- ing material since the advent of rein- forced concrete and tiles, has a vigorous champion in T. J. A. Tiedemann, who addressed the Fire Underwriters of the Pacific on building construction and - rates at a recent meeting. As fire-re- sisting material Tiedemann gives brick first place and produces the evidence to prove it. In consequence he beheves that in the fixing of rates, ht/ildings with brick walls should be given a more favorable premium than tile or rein- forced concrete. As it is, there is no difference in the rates.

In this connection Tiedemann ex- pressed the belief that a brick founda- tion could be as good as or better than concrete and gives instances of founda- tions recently dislodged which were perfect, although in wet ground for over forty years.

The cause of the appallinor increase in fire losses in this country he at- tributes to poor wiring. Boys and novices put in the wires in the most haphazard way," he said, and the in- specting is a joke. Our construction laws in this regard, as in others, are too often lax and are practically never enforced properly. Our losses m this country, in spite of our flimsy construc- tion, could be lessened 50 per cent if the building laws were properly en- forced."

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EATING AND LIGHTINC

Material Arranged by Carl E. Roesch, Edwin B. Pike

and Wm. E. Leiand, S. B.

Gravity Heating for a Residence with a Warm Air Furnace.

By AN Old Timer.

WHAT is a proper installation for a warm air furnace? To an- swer this question, we will have to generalize somewhat to begin with, and perhaps may say some things that will not set well with some that think they know, and, in what is said, we do not want it to be understood that the writer is an absolute authority on the subject, but a student, who has received many a jolt, and wishes to pass them on to others, in order that they, too, may profit. Remember that you cannot do a good deed for your neighbor, unless it is returned to you by natural law, therefore, if what can be said in these articles Yesult in better work, so much the bet^r for all of us, and the prestige of the \arm air furnace, as a means of comfort m our homes.

The architect has prepared plans for a residence, and to it he has applied his

best knowledge. The exterior may com- mand the admiration of the beholder, the interior may be a dream in its beauty, everything in connection with its finish and appurtenances may be of the best that thought and money may procure. By means of a catalogues con- taining illustrations and examples, which are accurate and exact, the architect has been educated to the point where he can select and specify what is fitting, or out of his knowledge he can design a stair- way, a color scheme or any special part that is needed to make up the structure into a beautiful whole until it comes to the heating. Unfortunately, this seems to be the lasf consideration, and again the manufacturers of warm air furnaces have never furnished the architect any reliable data on which to base calcula- tions for heating, if he were disposed to treat the subject as it deserves. So on the whole it is not fair to blame the architect only, but the manufacturer as well, for his neglect of an important part of the building.

A ivell-made I ant er 71 on the pergola always adds to the attractive- ness of a country resi- de 71 ce

r^ud

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The Architect and Engineer

81

PAUL

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imxit itugttt^^nttij ^ icir

EDWIN B. PIKE

rtr QIo.

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: I'

phone: KEARNY 1970

Followincf this comes the dealer in warm air furnaces, who, in a majority of cases, is as ignorant of the heating subject as a Hotentot but as long as he is able to make the price he gets the business independent of any or no know- ledge on the question. The result is obvious. Some one is going to get stung. Now th^n, an architect is call- ing for bids for a residence; everything except the heating is plainly called for and specified, even to detail and cata^ logue number, and here is where the poor furnace man gets his; there is us- ually a round spot on the basement plan

, to indicate the position of furnace, and perhaps there are marks in the different rooms showing locations of warm air outlets; then the specifications will say that tl>e furnace shall be of sufficient size or capacity to heat the building to

"TO^degrees in the coldest weather, etc.^ etc Bids are received and opened— one heating man wants $350,000 for a job and specifies clearly what he will fur- nish—the evident intention of the pro- posal being a first class installation. Another bid will be for $225.00, and, of course, the architect wonders where the difference can come in, as both firms are supoosed to be equally responsible financially for any undertaking they

oropose.

* * ♦

Now the reason for the architect's in- decision is this— he has never investigated either one of the proposer's goods, or his method of installations, consequently, he is in no position to judge, and unless he is disposed to be of an investigating frame of mind, he awards the contract to the lowest man, and, in case that he does, we grant that he usually gets a job that will heat the house. So will a Vk stream of water fill a barrel if you only give it time, but we all know that a 1 stream will fill the barrel more quickly. A warm air furnace heats by filling the space to be heated with warm air; also any means of heating costs money every time you use it, therefore, it is a reasonable

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ili

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^

82

^

The Architect and Engineer

supposition, that the furnace which has a capacity to warm a house in twenty minutes is preferable to one that takes an hour to do the same work. And this is the meat of the whole matter — to try and go\ a fair investigation of the warm air furnace, first by the architect, for we know that he wants to give his client the best, second, by the owner, who owes it to his own purse and comfort of his family to secure the best, and lastly, both the manufacturer and the dealer to learn their business well enough to be able to give information that is real information and not guess work. When they do this, then will the architect and owner begin to have respect for what they offer.

In another article we will follow up

All first class buildinirs have the

Armstronq Flash light Flevator —= Signals

And all first class theatres have our

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this same question, not being permitted the space at this time to complete this phase of the question.

An Innovation in Lighting

The Illuminating Engineering Society, organized to advocate systems of arti- ficial lighting less destruqtive to the eye- sight than the ordinary incandescent burner, recently held a meeting in the St. Gabriel's Park Branch of the Carnegie Libraries in New York.. The building was lighted ac- cording to designs prepared by the dis- tinguished member of the society and which have been adopted for the lighting of similar buildings in the future. Among the innovations may be named the follow- ing: A lamp for a reading table outwardly resembling the ordinary green-shaded burner, but provided with a reflector which equalized the amount of lieht, so that a book placed upon the outermost edge of the table received quite as much light as the one directly .under the lamp. Another sort of reflector over the book racks makes the illumination there uniform, so that titles on the lower shelf may be read as easily as those nearest the light. An entirely different arrangement is employed to light reading matter in a horizontal position from that position. No incandescent lights are left unshaded ; and there is a careful distinction made between local and general lighting so that no power need be lost in supplying general illumination where light is needed only for reading purposes. — The Brickbuilder.

The Sub-Contractor Has His Troubles

To the Editor of The Architect and En- gineer:

The sub-contractor is without doubt the most abused man connected with the building industry and as a rule it is the fault of the general contractor. This ought to be stopped, and it behooves every reputable architect and general con- tractor to see that it is.

The following incident is given to illus- trate what the writer is getting at:

Mr. Arc;F

Dear Sir: Turifif«t©n I

you will not onK tioD, but will b same time cut their

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The Architect and Engineer

83

CROCKER-WHEELER MOTORS

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EN6INEERI

%t %t ■

196 FREM

An architect sends detailed plans antl specifications to the general contractor, asking for his bid on a certain building in its entirety — he in turn calls for figures on the many different things that go to make up his total bid. Some general- contractor is awarded the job on the very fie:ures that several sub-contractors have furnished him. Does the general con- tractor drop Mr. Sub-Contractor a note informing him that his bid is accepted and he would like Mr. Sub-Contractor to call and sign contract for his part of the work? No; the p^eneral contractor drops notes asking for more bids. He lets every brickman, millman, electrician and so on down the line figure the job, and more than likely the general contractor will get a bid from these "firms" that is much lower than the bid the reliable sub- contractor furnished him in the first place. The general contractor closes up with some of these "firms" and naturally saves considerable money before he be- gins work, at least he thinks he does. Is that fair to the man who furnished the bid that got the job for the general con- tractor? Think it over.

If you have had any experience in the building line you ought to know that there was never a plan or specification drawn up that didn't have some loop hole or technicalitv in it. The "contrac- tor for a day," or cut throat contractor, as he ought to be called, is just waiting for such an opportunity, to make a claim that such and such item is not in the plans or specifications, or vice versa. Of course that will cause an argument.- Now, why have these troubles? You wouldn't, had you taken the bid of the reliable sub-contractor when he was really entitled to the work.

The sub-contractors are willing to figure— that is part of the contracting business— but for the general contractors to peddle and juggle bids is a bad prece- dent, yet it has been going on in San Francisco during the past year to an ex- tent that is almost beyond belief. Let's

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1 18-120 EIGHTH

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When writing to Advertisers mention this Magazine

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84

naa

The Architect and Engineer

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l/fllf% A

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Contractors I ir ^uiu . I, , , ., .. ^i. . deiUin? Apparatus. Force Blast System Heatini; and Ventilating. Punipinu Power Plants, Klevator Pipinsr. Etc. We have one of the liest equipped shops in the northwest for doing all kinds of pipe cutting, making Pipe Headers for Dry Kilns. Etc.

DIAGRAM WOMK A SPKCIALTY

14-16 NORTH FRONT STREET PHONE MAIN 801 PORTLAND. OR-

f I

cut it out; begin the new year right and give every one.a chance to make a little money, and don't try to get work done for nothing.

A SUB-CONTRACTOR.

When writing to .\dvertisers mention this Magazine.

The Architect and Engin

ccr

85

Portland Architectural Club. The first meeting of the Portland ^Archi- tectiiral Club in 1909 was held in the Club rooms on the evening of the first Tuesday in the year. There was a large and en- thusiastic attendance.

The second annual exhibition of the Club will be held from March 22nd to April 10th and promises to be a great success from every point of view, surpassing their former efforts in every way. Much valuable work is promised from the East. All architects in the Northwestern part of the United States have been invited to co-operate and their responses are very encouraging. It was fully decided to accept for exhibition building materials of a decorative and ar- tistic character, and all manufacturers and agents of the goods of this class should write the President, Mr. Jacobberger or the Secretary at once. Monthly competi- tions are now a regular feature of the stu- dents' section of the Club, which worts under the direction of the Educational Committee.

Fourteen contestants submitted work at this meeting.

First Problem: Masonry and Drawing, Skidmore Fountain — Special mention, Mr. Linde; special first mention, Mr. Hall; sec- ond mention, Mr. Allyn ; third mention, Mr. Tanner.

Second Problem: A Monument to Three Illustrious Men— First mention, Mr. Rosen- berg; second mention, Mr. McKenzie ; third mention, Mr. Allyn; fourth mention. Mr. Combs.

The announcement of the third problem was made, viz. ;

An architectural treatment of the source of a spring.

This will take place the first Tuesday in February.

The Club has a committee at work to agitate the question of creating an Art Commission for Portland. The city is to have a neW charter and a body of promi- nent citizens under the title of the Charter Board are at work devising new funda- mental laws for the city, among other things an Art Commission. This wdl be a novelty as well as a step in advance of the other cities of the Coast. The func- tions of this body would be to pass upon all pubHc buildings and to examine their propriety, design, artistic and utilitarian sufficiency and to propose changes -if nec- essary in their plans, supervise the loca-

A

Qas, Electric and Combination Fixtures

GAS ARC LAMPS "REFLEX'' I lOHTS

WELSBACH COMPANY

351 - G ER ST

SAN CAL.

P

tion of public fountains,/ arches, statuary and works of decorative and memorial character. While the present intention is to confine the powers of this Board to public buildings and monuments there is hope that, officially exercised, the influence of this Board would prevent any unsightly and shoddy architecture on private and semi-public buildings. The special corn- mittee of the Charter Board having this matter in charge has given the Club much encouragement.

R r

INCORPORATED

PLUMBERS

T8 DORLRNi STREET

Telephone Market 70

Off Dolores, between Seventeenth and Eighteenth Streets

SAN FRANCISCO.

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86

The Architect and Engineer

Portland Is Goin* Some.

By Albert J. Capron.

The legend runs: That a colored gentle- man, in an unguarded moment, bet with a white man that he, the colored man, dare go through a cemetery in the night.

The bet was "covered" and on the ap- pointed night the white man arrayed him- self in a winding sheet and hid his ghost- ship behind a tombstone. Who can blame anyone, under -the circumstances, looking back, much less a colored man, who. on perceiving the ghost behind him com- menced running and the faster he went the faster likewise his ghostship.

When the colored gentleman had run out of breath, he sat down to rest, where- upon for the first time the ghost spoke up and remarked that they "had been going some," to which the darkey replied, "Yes, we done gone bin goin' some and yo bet your sweet life we'll be goin' som' mo when I catch ma breaf."

The above about expresses the situation as regards the building operations in Portland during the past twelvemonth and we are "goin' some" more as soon as we can get our breath, which fortunately we will be able to do.

A year ago we predicted, through the columns of your journal that 1908 would be essentially a warehouse and residence year, and 'in the highest sense it has been

such, and while there have been some business blocks erected, to be mentioned later, yet the great burden of expenditure has been for warehouse space, notoriously scarce heretofore.

The residences have come in for an un- usually large share of construction, not hundreds, but thousands. "Jonah's gourd" was supposed to have sprung up over night ; the residences are springing up night and day and the class as well as th.e character of construction has been without equal heretofore. It is safe to say that more than as many again residences were constructed during 1908 than for any like period in the history of Portland, and that the expense thereof has been not only as much again, but quadrupled by virtue of the fact of the high grade of construction. We might mention as a fair illustration that choice residence section, known as Irvington, almost within pistol shot of any given point, where more than one hundred dwellings have been erected, not one of which cost less than $5,000. And what is said concerning this section applies equally well elsewhere.

In Portland as well as in other places there are a class of architects whose princi- pal work has been in the line of dwellings and these have had their inning this year.

For warehouses we would scarcely know where to begin or end.

ittsburg Automatic Water Heat<^

ORIGINATORS not IMITATORS Class by Itself

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We mention only two nt important features Sec Duplex Burner. Send ^

lie special and 1 1 Coil and

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BN & CO., Agents

San Francisco

PH0I«4E KEARNY 3762

The only Automatic Heater with a Circulating THERMOSTAT

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The Architect and Engineer

87

Of churches, rnany have been completed and several are in course of construction, plans being drawn for others.

School • buildings and additions thereto, while numerous, they scarcely kept pace with the multiplication of our population of school age.

The Meier & Frank Building, A. E. Doyle, architect, marks a magnificent type of modern construction, some ten stories in height and affording an addition to their already half-block giving neafly an entire 200-foot block, all devoted to the retail de- partment store for the above firm. Thomp- son & Starrett Company, who are doing the erecting, are showing rapid progress in this work.

The C. K. Henry building will also be a very fine building of white enamel brick and terra cotta, being the first of this type of construction "here. The Lombard build- ing, reinforced concrete construction, oc- cupying a half block, twelve stories high, is in process of erection, while the Fenton building, the addition to the Oregon hotel, Beck, Board of Trade, Gerlinger and many others of this character of busi- ness blocks, have just been completed and tenants have moved in. ' Excavating has been completed for the Lewis Estate build- ing.

The rebuilding of the Abington build- ing partially destroyed by fire, will make it practically fire-proof and modern in every respect.

Another type of building, one in which Portland has long stood in need, is the Portland Public Market & Cold Storafee Company, Messrs Goodrich & Goodrich, ar- chitects and engineers. This will be a three- story, reinforced, concrete building, using the General Fireproofing "System" and oc- cupying an entire block. The basement will be used for a cold storage plant with a railroad track running on to the first floor, bringing refrigerator cars in and by an .elevator system lower the cars into the basement, the contents being transferred without coming in contact with warm air. That this building will be a great success goes without saying. Already nearly the entire space has been leased, contracts signed and money deposited, assuring an income beyond most .sanguine expectations. While a stock concern yet there is none for sale, it all having been taken over promptly.

This improvement will mark an expense of between $500,000 and $600,000, the building being erected on a block recently burned over located near the Union depot. The space has not only been taken by local people, but Tacoma, Seattle, Spokane and San Francisco merchants as well. The first floor will have stalls, the second floor a department store, etc.

If we were to recapitulate the figures month by month it would take rather too mucb space ; it is enough to say that more than $10,000,000 has been actually spent during the year. The lowest amount for one month was $625,000, running from that to $1,250,000. While the permits do not give the actual value yet for comparison we submit the following, taken from "The

Oregonian" :

li907 I'SO'S

Permits Valuation Permits Valuation

January .... 218 604,475 298 625,545

February ... 279. &»6,74S 413 BJS.S^O

March 295 '659,729 544 851,845

April 3«9 1,526,777 576 980,41«

May 4-81 1,152,732 374 754,945

Tune 2«l 865,250 385 841,065

July 374 762,371 459 1,035,366

August .... 3«9 881,360 412 772,395

September .. 362 943,300 445 972,35o

October .... 422 645.585 368 829,75^

November .. 162 199,210 297 944,o9d

December .. 1-38 319,245 27« 960,07o

Totals 3890 $9,446,932 4851i $10,411,951

Building permits issued since 1900 by years, as follows :

Permits Valuation

1900 392 944,985

1901 '. . 745 1,529,143

1902 1244 2,730,660

190\3 1628 4,2Sl',05i6

1904 1720 4,029,225

1905 23ie 4,li83,368

1906 3166 6,902,032

1907 389» 9,446,982

190« 4851 10,411,951

PORTLAND Percent

1908 1907 Inc. Dec.

Bank Clearings $310.fx%.5l3 .$350,932,422 .. 11

BuildinrPe?mits 10.528,066 9.410,137 12 ..

^Trans1e^*s 20.308,506 23.450.140 .. 12

SEATTLE

1906 1907

Bank Clearings $42^.499 251 $488,591,471 13

Building Permits 13.777,329 13.."^73.270 1.5 ..

^Tranlfers^.... 37.926.186.91 56.519.206.40 .. 38

SPOKANE

1908 1907

Bank Clearings .$307,791,482 $298,576,950 .3 .. Building Permits 5.927.548 5.778.876 5 ..

Real Estate ,oft77Ci«

Transfers... not reported 19.»27.5i«

Portland has great reason to congratu- late herself that she is "goin' some." True, the "grim reaper" has been a little derelict in his work during the last few generations, but fortunately he has reaped his harvest among that class of fossilized wealthy men, who receive, but give nothing.

The character of construction is metro- politan. The progress manifested in said construction has been probably greater than any city on the Coast. Indeed, Port- land is so much on the map that when others do not congratulate us we con- gratulate ourselves, and while wishing all other Coast cities health, wealth and pros- perity, we are not going to forget that we want some of it ourselves; indeed, are having it— yes, Portland is "goin' some."

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Some Industrial Information Worth the While

Rudgear-Mcrlc Company The Merle Ornamental Iron and Bronze Company of San Francisco, the Rudgear Steel Company, and the A. Merle Company have been consolidated into a new company known as the Rud- gear-Merle. Company. The new corpora- tion assumes all obligations of the con- solidated companies and will fulfill all contracts and collect all accounts. The officers are, A. Rudgear, president; James F. Leahy, vice-president; A. J. Merle, treasurer, and W. A. Rudgear. secretary. The manufacturing plants of the com- bined companies are the largest of any similar concern on the Pacific Coast, and the high standing of the three firms is guarantee that the new company will please its customers and enjoy a splendid business.

Techeau tavern at Powell and Eddy struts, San Francisco, also the Gas Company's new building from plans by Frederick H. Meyer. The steel frame of the old Spring Valley Water Company's building is being strai'^^htened and put in first class condition by Mr. Blume and some extra steel work is also being addcf' t'^ tlii- iMiilding,

Erecting Steel for New Buildmgs

C. A. Blume, the well known erector of steel for Class A buildings, has the contract for erecting- the steel on the

Roebling Construction Co.

OF NEW YORK

FIREPROOF CONSTRUCTION

AND

WIRE LATH

THE SYSTEM THAT IS FIREPROOF

1017-1018 Crocker Building, San Francisco

Phone, Temporary 4312

, r

Sequoia Hotel Building. Fresno. Cal. B. <■ M I>i ugrall. Architect

' * >ii "^^T -fi©" brick, a white

Built by C. J. Lindgren. and faced with "Oolden O

nre«;sed brick made of sane;

Ask Oolden a«tw 0>,. C . F Pratt M

San Francisco.

The Architect and Engineer

89

Demand for Russell & Erwin Hardware

William R. Voorhees, Pacific Coast manager for the Russell & Erwin Manu- facturing Company, makers of high class builders' hardware, recently returned from a trip East which included a visit to the factory in New Britain, Conn. Mr. Voorhees is optimistic of the future. He thinks the Pacific Coast is in line for a banner year, so far as prosperity is concerned. The people of the East are still marveling, he says, at San Fran- cisco's wonderful strides and it is diffi- cult for some of them to understand how the city could recoup its losses and rebuild along the lines it has in so short a time.

fThe Russell & Erwin Company enjoyed a splendid year in 1908, many of the most pretentious buildings erected in the East as well as on the Pacific Coast, having l)een supplied with Russell and Erwin hardware. Mr. Voorhees states that the company expects to place on the market this year an invention which consists of a panic door bolt fastened to entrance doors in theatres, churches, etc., and so constructed that any unusual pressure against the inside of the door will caus' it to fly open and release the audience Some new and very artistic designs ii hardware are also going to be marketed by the company this year.

Among the more recent contracts taken by the Russell and Erwin Com pany in California is the hardware for the Commercial building, Louis P. — Hobart, architect, the new Custom house building, San Francisco, and the Tevis residence at Alma, Cal.

the new year as well as the finishing and supervision of much important work under way.

He says that working with a bandaged right hand is not the most satisfactory, but is. better than pacing the floor ni^ts with a hand that felt as large as a nail keg and as busy as a trip hammer.

Art in Shingle Stains.

In the art world no greater progress has been made in any branch than that of decorating and beautifying the home, hence the advance in architectural designs and color treatment for houses.

The soft effect and rich colors of the shingle stains manufactured by Parker, Preston & Co., Inc., Norwich, Conn., and named "art in shingle stains," because of the rich tone and exquisite colors, have created a symphony to the home beautiful.

The Whittier, Coburn Company, San Francisco and Los Angeles, being distribu- tors for Parker, Preston & Co.'s. "art in shingle stains," are supplying the coast trade and cabinet of cards, showing colors made, is given free to members of the architectural profess'on uoon application.

Architect Berndt at His Office Again Architect Francis J. Berndt is again able to be at his office after a very serious siege of blood poisoning, which attacked his right hand, and which occurred at a particularly unfortunate time as such things usually do. his office being crowded with work projected for

L. B. HOWE Pncs. AND Trias.

H. H H NGTON

ViCK-Pnc«.

Western Laundry Machinery Co.

TCLCI>HONC DOUGLAS 163 1

DEALERS IN LAUNDRY MACHINERY

MANUFACTURCO BY

THE AMERICAN LAUNDRY MACNiNERY MFG CO

SUCCESSORS TO

Nelson & Krbutbr Co. A. T. Hagbn Co.

THE AMERICAN LAUNDRY MACHY. CO.

The Watkins Laundry Machy. Co. Wilson Laundry Machy. Co. Barnes & Erb Co.

Los Anyeles Office 262 S. Los Angeles St.

58-60 Fremont Street

Seattle Office 305 Main Street

San Francisco

Bronze Door to J as. riooa BtitUitnu Albert Pissis. Architect

CAST BY

San IranciA^*

*

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^J

Pi

90

T/i^ Architect and Engineer

The E. D. Crowley Company

Of the younger engineers and contrac- tors in San Francisco probably none has

-■ enjoyed greater success since the fire than E. D. Crowley, the present head of the E. D. Crowley Company, with offices

. in the William Wilson building. Mr. Crowley' is a Native Son and for more than twelve years he has been following the engineering profession.

Mr. Crowley was formerly secretary and manager of the B. & W. Engineer- ing Company in which company he some time ago disposed of his interests to become president and manager of the E. D. Crowley Company. While with the B. & W. Engineering Company, Mr. Crowley superintended the construction of a reinforced concrete manufacturing plant for the Del Monte Milling Com- '• pany at Lombard and Montgomery streets, San Francisco. The construction of this building showed the possibilities of rapid work in concrete. The first shovelfull of concrete was placed on the 15th of May and on August 15th the roof was on and the finishing details were being carried out.

The plant consists of a warehouse 50 by 137^ feet and four stories high, a three story building, 87j^ by 160 feet and

an engine and boiler house. The, build- ings represent an outlay of about $120,000.

Other work done under Mr. Crowley's direction includes the 'O'Keefe building. Front and Clay streets, designed by O'Brien Bros., architects, the McKeon building at First and Federal streets, the Hagens building at Townsend and Japan streets, the Painter building at Clay and Sansome streets, the Hirsh- felder building at Twentieth and Florida streets, the Erlanger-Galinger building, Sacramento and Dupont streets and the Bernhard building at Jackson and Dupont streets.

Very recently the E. D. Crowley Com- pany has signed two important contracts for the erection of buildings designed bv Architect's Oliver and P'oulkes. One is the Peralta apartment house in Oak- land and illustrated in this number of the Architect and Engineer and the other is the Gafifney building at the corner of Sutter street and Grant avenue, San Francisco,

A competent and experienced architect's stenographer, able to ,take full charge of waiting room and office, seeks permanent engagement. Address, "Typist," 4561-A. Sacramento Street. Phone West 4178.

BENNI

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iSTANOARDiZEO.

We Manufacture and sell to Jobbers Oil Burning Equipments for all kinds of Service. Our various Equipments can be set up by any- one. Experts not necessary, Catatos N Afplicatien.

BENNETT'S PNEUMATIC SYSTEM Is the Ideal method of buralag fuel oil under low pressure steam and hot water heating plants and for all the metal arts.

References: Apartment Houses— Du- boce. Glenwood. Hillcrest. Kenilworth. Em- pire. Hotels— Arlinjrton. Grand. Robins. Leo. Colonial. Stanford. Tailant. Union Sfiuare. Officf .\nd Loft Buildings— Main Telephone. Kosenbaum, Gore. Marine. Del- jrer. St. Clair. Williams. Fire Underwriters. Schmidt, Bay View School, all in >an Fran- cisco. Also the Colonial Hotel. Imperial Hotel and McKee Buildinj? in San Jose: and |he Carvi^ll Nursery at Fair Onks.

NNETT'S

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579-581 HOWARD ST.. SAN FRANCISCO

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The Architect and Engineer

91

Asbestos: The New Building Material.

Asbestos has widened the adaptabihty of cement to building purposes a dozen fold. Intimately mixed with cement and com- pacted by hydraulic pressure into a homo- geneous concrete, the asbestos fibers cross and recross and interlace in every direc- tion, reinforcing the .cement against all stresses, and making it practicable to use cement sheets as thin as an eight of an inch.

Concrete sheets that are made into build- ing lumber, corrugated sheathing, and shin- gles— that can be worked and cut with ordi- nary tools by ordinary workmen, nailed where desired — fire-proof, weather-proof, and so tough and elastic that large sheets can be benfaround curves.

These asbestos-cement products are made only at Ambler, Pennsylvania, and marketed by the Keasbey & Mattison Company, which is presided over by Dr. R. V. Mattison, "the asbestos king," and owner of the largest and most valuable asbestos pro- perties in the world.

The Mattison mines are located at Thet- ford and Black Lake, in the province of Quebec, Canada, the asbestos fiber from which is long and silky, snow-white when separated. The mines contain especially rich veins in the serpentine rock, and the asbestos is mined in open pits or quarries.

The crude asbestos must be separated from adherent rock, classified according to length of fiber, and then fiberized— the lumps broken up and the fibers separated Short fibers are converted into pipe and — boiler coverings, insulation, and so on. 1 he long fiber is carded and spun mto yarn, which is further spun into rooes or woven into theater curtains, for insulation against fire and electricity, and a multitude of other specific products.

In making the asbestos building lumber and asbestos "century" shingles, the asbes- tos fiber is worked into a homogeneous plastic mass with pure hydraulic cement. The cement is then subjected to tre- mendous hydraulic pressure, which com- pacts the cement and squeezes it into every fiber. As the cement hydrates and crystal- lizes, it locks around the fibers, becoming more and more tough and elastic, until it attains a permanent maximum as the con- crete matures. .

Fire-proof, weather-proof, vermin-proot, the asbestos-cement products are the build- ing materials of the present and i"ture Already they are enthusiastically adopted by builders, architects, and house owners in every part of the country— as is evi- denced by the attractive folder put out by the Keasbey & Mattison Company, pictur- ing twenty-six asbestos "century" shingle roofs, from Rhode Island to Nebraska, and from Wisconsin to Texas, beside a resi- dence in Porto Rico. .

Architects who want to keep in touch

with the livest development in building matters should write to the selling agents for information— and mention the Archi- tect and Engineer.

Johns' Patent Door Hanger

The San Francisco Hardware Com- pany reports a good demand for the Johns' patent parlor door hangers. The hangers are made for single as well as double sliding doors and are double ball- bearing. They are exceedingly simple and absolutely noiseless. Many of the best homes in San Francisco and vicinity have the Johns' door hanger and they are also being used quite extensively in apart- ment houses and flats. The San Fran- cisco Hardware Company, 3069 Six- teenth street, are the authorized agents of the Johns' hangers.

\

PHOTOGRAPH OF WINDOW MADE BY

fMitut Art ($la00 (£0.

LET

San Frandaoo

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92

r/i^ Architect and Engineer

y

Phone: Douglas 75

BAXTER MARBLE GO.

Producers of

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.

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Office 1006 Call Bids. S. F., Cal.

THE MAYDWELL COMPANY

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DIRECT IMPORTERS

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Estimates Given on All Hinds of Marble WorK Samples on Application

Quarries COLUMBIA. CALirORNIyV

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The Architect and Engineer

95

Successful Test of Chemical Engine A highly successful test of the Kena- wha chemical engine recently built by the Kenawha Chemical Engine Manu- facturing Company, L. E. Boyle Com- pany, 100 Front street, San Francisco, western agents, for the town of Berkeley, was held recently under the direction of the Fire Chief of Berkeley and S. T^ Wallace, vice-president of the L. E!. Boyle Company. The Berkeley Reporter has the following to say of the demon- stration:

''The test proved, beyond a doubt, that the engine was capable of putting out almost any fire, but on account of a defect in one of the new valves on the hose attachment the flow of the stream was retarded very preceptibly as was demonstrated last evening when excel- sior, saturated with kerosene, was again placed in the frame structure built for the test. Into the seething mass of flame the hose was played for three seconds with the result that the flame was smothered by the heavy vapor.

'The feature of the chemical prepara- tion which the L. E. Boyle Company of San Francisco, coast agents, claim as superior over other chemical apparatus is the fact that the vapor caused by the chemical action is heavier than air and as a consequence fire can be fought in the open as the mantle of vapor settles over

the flame, smothering it out. Other chemical processes work well in a closed room vj^e^-e the light vapor is confined, but in the open ascend and make little or no resistance to the flames."

Big Laboratory Contract

Word comes from Chicago that Robert W. Hunt & Company, who maintain a branch office at 425 Washington street, San Francisco, have received a contract from the Chicago and Northwestern Railway to inspect materials for the new $2,000,000 terminal station in Chicago. It is said that some 28,000 tons of steel alone will be used in the building. Robert W. Hunt & Co., enjoy an international reputation as experts in their line. Their services are in demand in connection with industrial enterprises in all parts of the world, not only for consultation with engineers and superintendents of railway and industrial plants, builders of machinery, bridges, locomotives, etc., but for actual lasting and inspection of materials, chemical analysis and reports on iron and steel manufacturing proc- esses. The value of these services lies in the fact that absolute information is furnished, so that builders and contrac- tors can go ahead with accurate knowledge as the basis of their opera- tion.

Mvery of Fre '^ale Stores, w

ckages " etc.

ES: Low first cost. Prac-

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apacity. No power necessary.

^t by employees. A very

in time and labor.

v^ r^e House Tblaks of tbe Spiral Chute

M. I. BRANDENSTEIN & CO.

Spear and Mission Sts.. San Francisco. Cal.

San Francisco. Sept. 16. 1<)08. The Haslett Warehouse Co.. 310 California St.. City.

Cientlemen: With reference to the Spiral Chute you have installed in our building, we take pleasure in statintr that same works to our entire satisfaction and we are glad to recommend it. It certainly saves time and money. Yours very truly,

M.J. BRANDENSTEIN & Co.

FerGJ.B.

INSTALLED BY

THE HASLETT WAREHOUSE CO.

California St., San Francisco. Cal. I ESTIMATES FURNISHED ON APPLICATION

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T/i^ Architect and Engineer

■■
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The Architect and Engineer

95

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lUbt iLtKS SAN FRANCISCO. CAL.

Write for Partici

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Supply Company

523 Market St. San Fraicisco Cal.

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Deep Well, Surface, House and Fire Service Pumps Complete In^tallatioas

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Mechaiiicai and Gravity System of Heating and Ventilatinij I)e= signed iiiitl ln= stalled. R ilts Guarai = =

Plans Furnished Free of Cost

3261 TO 3267 SEVENTEENTH STREET SAN FRANCISCO 1

Phone. Special 3«9

THE QUAKER I

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Agents

When writing to Advertisers mention this Magazine

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When writinif to Advertisers mention this Magazine.

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TA^ Architect and Engineer

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' and Drawing Materials

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INSTRUf ^S

.Builders' and Survi

itrumcnts...

New School Buildings tor L,os Aii

The construction of a number ot new school buildings in Los Angeles is scheduled for this year. A list of the proposed build- ings has been prepared bv the board of education and estimates for each has been calculated. The principal building proposed is that for a new high school. It is to have a capacity for 1500 scholars, and to cost $245,000.

Extensive improvements are also planned for the Polytechnic high school grounds. An additional building to cost $100,000 will be built.

The Chicago Cement Show All arrangements for the second annual Cement show, in Chicago, have been com- pleted. It will be held in the Coliseum, February 18-24, 1909. A uniform scheme in the arrangement of booths and the de- coration of the Coliseum will be employed. This makes it practically unnecessary for the exhibitor to do anything else than to move into the space allotted to him.

The Central Passenger Association has authorized a rate of one and one-half fare for the round trip on the certificate plan from points in its territory and it is also likely that other associations will authorize similar reductions. These reduced rates will no doubt attract a laree attendance from out of town.

The Illinois Masons' Supoly Association and the Illinois Lumber Dealers' Associa- tion have announced that they will hold their conventions in Chicago during the show. This will mean the presence of a great many persons directly interested in the uses and appliances for the use of cement.

Asbestos Covering

Asbestos covering for pipe and boilers, also asbestos paper and mill board are specialties which the Pacific Coast Asbestos Manufacturing Company of Portland, Or., are oflfering to the build- ing trade. Some large orders are being filled. The Company has its own factory at 1350-52 Macadam street, Portland. The offices are at 210 Columbia street in the same city.

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^ PROFIT BY EXPERIENCE-If you intend to equip your Drawingr Room, re- member that Keuffel & Esser Co.'s nstruments and materials are still the standard of quality. We have all requi- sites for drawing and engineering, and all our goods are warranted. Complete illus- trated catalogue (550 pp.) sent on request.

Hi^Hest .A. "wards

St. Loviis, •04' Pr--*T-iid, -05

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